DNA Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is a codon?

  • A segment of tRNA that pairs with DNA
  • A sequence of four nucleotides in RNA
  • A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA (correct)
  • A type of amino acid structure

    • What would be the result of a deletion mutation?

  • A sequence of nucleotides is reversed
  • A nucleotide pair is mismatched
  • A segment of nucleotides is added
  • A sequence of nucleotides is removed (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a cause of mutations?

  • UV-light
  • Natural selection (correct)
  • Exposure to chemicals
  • Radiation

    • What is the purpose of the amino acids forming proteins?

    <p>To perform functions necessary for the organism's survival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hershey and Chase conclude was the heredity material?

    <p>Bacteriophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mRNA?

    <p>To transfer genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence best describes the process of DNA replication?

    <p>Original DNA is preserved, it unzips, new nucleotides are added. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nitrogen bases are classified as purines?

    <p>Adenine and Guanine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA primarily located within a cell, and what is its main function?

    <p>In the nucleus, to store genetic information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does tRNA play in Protein Synthesis?

    <p>It transports amino acids to the ribosome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the transcription process?

    <p>RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What composes the 'sides' of the DNA ladder structure?

    <p>Sugar-phosphate backbones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what role does DNA polymerase play?

    <p>It adds complementary nucleotides to the template strand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a point mutation?

    <p>A change in a single base pair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the antiparallel nature of DNA strands?

    <p>It ensures proper base pairing during replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of telomeres during DNA replication?

    <p>They protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation has no effect on the amino acid sequence?

    <p>Silent mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when Okazaki fragments are joined together during DNA replication?

    <p>Lagging strand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome results from errors during DNA replication?

    <p>Mutations may occur in the DNA sequence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Codon

    A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

    Anticodon

    A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that matches a codon, helping to bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome.

    Mutation

    A change in an organism's DNA or chromosomes.

    Amino Acid

    The building blocks of proteins, linked together via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.

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    tRNA

    Transfer RNA; a molecule that carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome based on the codon sequence.

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    Heredity Material

    The material responsible for passing on traits from one generation to the next.

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    DNA Structure

    DNA's shape, a double helix resembling a twisted ladder.

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    Purines & Pyrimidines

    Purines (Adenine, Guanine) and pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine) are nitrogenous bases that form pairs in DNA.

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    DNA Replication

    The process where a DNA molecule creates an exact copy of itself.

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    Transcription

    The process of creating mRNA from DNA.

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    mRNA Role

    Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome.

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    Protein Synthesis

    The process of building proteins from amino acids using mRNA instructions.

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    tRNA in Protein Synthesis

    Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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    What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

    The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).

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    Why are base pairings crucial?

    Adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T), and guanine always pairs with cytosine (G-C). This pairing is crucial for DNA's stability and function.

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    DNA Replication - Semi-Conservative

    During DNA replication, each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This ensures that genetic information is accurately passed on.

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    What is the role of DNA polymerase?

    DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for building new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides to each template strand during DNA replication.

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    Leading vs. Lagging Strand

    The leading strand is synthesized continuously during DNA replication. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously, creating Okazaki fragments.

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    What does DNA ligase do?

    DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand during DNA replication, creating a continuous strand.

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    What's the significance of mutations?

    Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. These changes can arise during DNA replication or due to environmental factors like radiation. Some mutations are silent, while others can affect protein function.

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    Study Notes

    DNA Study Guide

    • Hershey and Chase concluded bacteriophages contain hereditary material.
    • Watson and Crick discovered DNA's structure.
    • A bacteriophage is a virus with a protein coat surrounding DNA or RNA.
    • Erwin Chargaff discovered base pairing rules.
    • DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
    • The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides.
    • Purines are adenine and guanine; pyrimidines are cytosine and thymine.
    • DNA has a double helix shape.
    • The sides of the DNA ladder are phosphates and deoxyribose; bases pair to form the rungs. (A with T, and G with C).
    • DNA replication copies the original strand and happens after a new cell is created.
    • DNA is located in the nucleus and its purpose is to provide genetic information.
    • DNA makes mRNA through transcription for protein synthesis.
    • Transcription occurs in the nucleus; RNA polymerase unwinds DNA, releases mRNA, then detaches.
    • mRNA carries protein information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
    • RNA differs from DNA in having ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Proteins are made up of amino acids (around 20).
    • Protein synthesis involves mRNA and a chain of amino acids.
    • Ribosomes use mRNA as instructions to produce proteins.
    • tRNA acts as an adaptor bringing the correct amino acids to the ribosome.
    • Codons (3 nucleotides) are found on mRNA and anticodons (3 nucleotides) are on tRNA.
    • A sequence of mRNA codons translates to a sequence of amino acids.

    Mutations

    • Mutations are changes in an organism's DNA or chromosomes.
    • Mutations can cause disabilities for genotype and/or phenotype.
    • Mutations can result from radiation, chemicals, UV light, and X-rays.
    • DNA is crucial for organisms because it holds genetic information essential for evolution.

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    Biology Chapter 8 DNA Study Guide PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to DNA, including its structure, discovery, and replication processes. You'll explore important findings by scientists like Hershey, Chase, Watson, and Crick, as well as the roles of nucleotides and various types of RNA. Test your understanding of genetic material and its significance in biology.

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