Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication
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Questions and Answers

What is the sugar molecule found in DNA nucleotides?

  • Deoxyribose (correct)
  • Fructose
  • Glucose
  • Ribose

    • Which of the following is NOT a step in DNA replication?

  • DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands
  • Helicase unwinds the double helix
  • Transcription of DNA into RNA (correct)
  • Ligase seals the gaps between nucleotides

    • What is the result of a point mutation in a DNA sequence?

  • A change in the structure of a protein
  • An insertion or deletion of nucleotides
  • A change in the number of chromosomes
  • A substitution of one nucleotide for another (correct)

    • What is the law of segregation in Mendel's laws?

    <p>Each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of converting DNA into RNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal mutation?

    <p>A change in the number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of gene expression?

    <p>A functional protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of autosomal dominant inheritance?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Structure and Replication

    • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides
    • Each nucleotide consists of:
      • Sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
      • Phosphate group
      • Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
    • Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases hold the two strands together
    • Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

    Central Dogma

    • DNA is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid)
    • RNA is translated into proteins
    • Proteins perform various cellular functions
    • Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

    DNA Replication

    • Semi-conservative replication: each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand
    • Steps:
      1. Helicase unwinds the double helix
      2. Primase adds RNA primers to the template strands
      3. DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands
      4. Ligase seals the gaps between nucleotides

    Gene Expression

    • Gene expression is the process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
    • Steps:
      1. Transcription: DNA is transcribed into RNA
      2. Translation: RNA is translated into a protein
      3. Post-translational modification: protein is modified to become functional

    Mutations

    • A change in the DNA sequence
    • Types:
      • Point mutations: substitution of one nucleotide for another
      • Frameshift mutations: insertion or deletion of nucleotides
      • Chromosomal mutations: changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

    Inheritance Patterns

    • Mendel's laws:
      • The law of segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
      • The law of independent assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently
      • The law of dominance: one allele can be dominant over another
    • Autosomal dominant/recessive inheritance
    • X-linked inheritance
    • Polygenic inheritance

    DNA Structure

    • DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
    • Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases hold the two strands together
    • Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

    Central Dogma

    • DNA is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid)
    • RNA is translated into proteins
    • Proteins perform various cellular functions
    • Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

    DNA Replication

    • Semi-conservative replication: each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand
    • Helicase unwinds the double helix
    • Primase adds RNA primers to the template strands
    • DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands
    • Ligase seals the gaps between nucleotides

    Gene Expression

    • Gene expression is the process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
    • Transcription: DNA is transcribed into RNA
    • Translation: RNA is translated into a protein
    • Post-translational modification: protein is modified to become functional

    Mutations

    • A change in the DNA sequence
    • Point mutations: substitution of one nucleotide for another
    • Frameshift mutations: insertion or deletion of nucleotides
    • Chromosomal mutations: changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

    Inheritance Patterns

    • Mendel's laws:
      • The law of segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
      • The law of independent assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently
      • The law of dominance: one allele can be dominant over another
    • Autosomal dominant/recessive inheritance
    • X-linked inheritance
    • Polygenic inheritance

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and replication of DNA, including its double-stranded helix composition and the process of transcription and translation.

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