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Questions and Answers
What is the sugar molecule found in DNA nucleotides?
Which of the following is NOT a step in DNA replication?
What is the result of a point mutation in a DNA sequence?
What is the law of segregation in Mendel's laws?
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What is the process of converting DNA into RNA?
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Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal mutation?
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What is the result of gene expression?
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Which of the following is an example of autosomal dominant inheritance?
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Study Notes
DNA Structure and Replication
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides
- Each nucleotide consists of:
- Sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
- Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases hold the two strands together
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
Central Dogma
- DNA is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- RNA is translated into proteins
- Proteins perform various cellular functions
- Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
DNA Replication
- Semi-conservative replication: each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand
- Steps:
- Helicase unwinds the double helix
- Primase adds RNA primers to the template strands
- DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands
- Ligase seals the gaps between nucleotides
Gene Expression
- Gene expression is the process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
- Steps:
- Transcription: DNA is transcribed into RNA
- Translation: RNA is translated into a protein
- Post-translational modification: protein is modified to become functional
Mutations
- A change in the DNA sequence
- Types:
- Point mutations: substitution of one nucleotide for another
- Frameshift mutations: insertion or deletion of nucleotides
- Chromosomal mutations: changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
Inheritance Patterns
- Mendel's laws:
- The law of segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- The law of independent assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently
- The law of dominance: one allele can be dominant over another
- Autosomal dominant/recessive inheritance
- X-linked inheritance
- Polygenic inheritance
DNA Structure
- DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, C, G, or T)
- Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases hold the two strands together
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
Central Dogma
- DNA is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- RNA is translated into proteins
- Proteins perform various cellular functions
- Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
DNA Replication
- Semi-conservative replication: each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand
- Helicase unwinds the double helix
- Primase adds RNA primers to the template strands
- DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands
- Ligase seals the gaps between nucleotides
Gene Expression
- Gene expression is the process by which genetic information is converted into a functional product
- Transcription: DNA is transcribed into RNA
- Translation: RNA is translated into a protein
- Post-translational modification: protein is modified to become functional
Mutations
- A change in the DNA sequence
- Point mutations: substitution of one nucleotide for another
- Frameshift mutations: insertion or deletion of nucleotides
- Chromosomal mutations: changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
Inheritance Patterns
- Mendel's laws:
- The law of segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- The law of independent assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently
- The law of dominance: one allele can be dominant over another
- Autosomal dominant/recessive inheritance
- X-linked inheritance
- Polygenic inheritance
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and replication of DNA, including its double-stranded helix composition and the process of transcription and translation.
