Biology Chapter 8 DNA Study Guide PDF

Biology Chapter 8: DNA Study Guide Beatriz Zuanazzi Bettega, Period 2 12-06-24 1. Hershey and Chase concluded that ______ were heredity materials a. Bacteriophages 2. James Watson and Francis Crick were given credit for discovering _______ a. The structure of DNA...

Biology Chapter 8: DNA Study Guide Beatriz Zuanazzi Bettega, Period 2 12-06-24 1. Hershey and Chase concluded that ______ were heredity materials a. Bacteriophages 2. James Watson and Francis Crick were given credit for discovering _______ a. The structure of DNA 3. What is a virus that has a protein coat holding DNA/RNA called? a. A Bacteriophage 4. Who discovered base pairing rules? a. Erwin Chargraff 5. What does DNA stand for? a. Deoxyribonucleic acid 6. What are the building blocks of DNA? a. Nucleotides 7. Which nitrogen bases are considered purines? What does this mean? Which nitrogen bases are pyrimidines? What does this mean? a. Purines: Adenine, Guanine. Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine 8. What is shaped like a double helix? a. DNA 9. What makes up the rungs of the ladder, and what holds them together? a. Phosphates and deoxyribose. Bases hold them together (A, C, T, G) 10. What is replication and when does it happen? a. It saves an original strand, then it unzips. It happens after a new cell is made 11. Explain the steps of replication a. Saves the Original strand of DNA. b. Unzips it. c. New nucleotides are added. 12. Where is DNA located in the cell? What is its purpose? a. In the Nucleus, to provide genetic information 13. Why does DNA make mRNA? What is this process called? a. So it can store the genetic information, Transcriptions 14. Describe the process for Transcription. Where does it occur in the cell? a. RNA Polymerase unwinds the DNA b. Releases the RNA c. Detaches from the DNA d. Occurs inside the Nucleus 15. What is mRNA and what does it do? a. Messenger RNA, carries protein information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm 16. Compare and Contrast RNA to DNA:  Compare: DNA has Deoxyribose, while RNA only has Ribose Contrast: DNA is double stranded 17. What part of the cell uses mRNA as instructions to make proteins? a. The Ribosome 18. What are the building blocks for proteins? How many different types are there? a. Amino Acids, there are around 20 of them 19. How are proteins formed? What is this process called? a. By mRNA and a chain of amino acids. Protein Synthesis 20. Describe Protein Synthesis: a. A small part if the ribosome binds to the mRNA b. Amino acids are added c. Ends with a stop codon 21. What is tRNA and how is it used in Protein Synthesis. a. Transfer RNA. It acts as an adaptor that brings the right amino acids into the Ribosome. 22. What are Codons and Anticodons? Where are they found? Codon: A sequence of 3 nucleotides, in both DNA and RNA Anticodon: A sequence of 3 nucleotides, found in tRNA 23. If the following was found on a strand of DNA, what codons would be found on the correct corresponding mRNA? DNA: TATCAGGAT a. AUA-GUC-CUA 24. If the following was on mRNA, what would the anticodons be found on tRNA? mRNA: TATCAGGAT a. AUA-GUC-CUA 25. Using the chart below, what amino acids would be added together to form a protein if the mRNA codons are: AUG-UUU-ACC-GCG-UAC a. Met-Phen-Thr-Phe-Ala-Tyr 26. Translate this DNA into mRNA then a protein: TAC-CAT-TTG-GCG-ATC mRNA: AUG-GUA-AAC-CGC-UAG Protein: Met-Val-Asn-Arg-STO 27. What is a mutation? a. An unorganized change of an organism's DNA or Chromosomes 28. Describe each type of Mutation. a. Deletion- A part is deleted. b. Duplication- A part is duplicated. c. Inversion- A part breaks off and reattaches backwards. d. Translation- A part breaks off and attaches to another Chromosome. 29. What can mutations do to an organism? And what can cause mutations?  a. Mutations can cause disabilities for Genotype and/or Phenotype b. Mutations can be caused by radiation, exposure to chemicals, UV-light, and X- rays 30. Explain why DNA is important to an organism. a. DNA is important to every organism because it holds our genetic information and helps us with evolution.