Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?
What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?
deoxyribose
Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?
Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?
nitrogenous base
What are the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA?
What are the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA?
What part(s) of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the 'ladder'?
What part(s) of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the 'ladder'?
In DNA, are the rungs parallel or antiparallel?
In DNA, are the rungs parallel or antiparallel?
When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
How many hydrogen bonds connect adenine and thymine?
How many hydrogen bonds connect adenine and thymine?
When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?
How many hydrogen bonds connect cytosine and guanine?
How many hydrogen bonds connect cytosine and guanine?
Write a rule for how adenine and thymine are arranged in the ladder of DNA.
Write a rule for how adenine and thymine are arranged in the ladder of DNA.
Write a rule for how cytosine and guanine are arranged in the ladder of DNA.
Write a rule for how cytosine and guanine are arranged in the ladder of DNA.
What are the complementary bases on the strand 5'-ATCCAG-3'?
What are the complementary bases on the strand 5'-ATCCAG-3'?
Describe the double helix shape of DNA.
Describe the double helix shape of DNA.
What is the 1st step in DNA replication?
What is the 1st step in DNA replication?
What is the 2nd step in DNA replication?
What is the 2nd step in DNA replication?
What is the 3rd step in DNA replication?
What is the 3rd step in DNA replication?
What is the 4th step in DNA replication?
What is the 4th step in DNA replication?
What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?
What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?
What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA?
What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA?
What rule is used to join free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA?
What rule is used to join free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA?
Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?
Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?
How does semi-conservative replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication?
How does semi-conservative replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in humans?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in humans?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in cows?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in cows?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in salmon?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in salmon?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in wheat?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in wheat?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in yeast?
Percentage of each type of base: adenine in yeast?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in humans?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in humans?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in cows?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in cows?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in salmon?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in salmon?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in wheat?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in wheat?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in yeast?
Percentage of each type of base: guanine in yeast?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in humans?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in humans?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in cows?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in cows?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in salmon?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in salmon?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in wheat?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in wheat?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in yeast?
Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in yeast?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in humans?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in humans?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in cows?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in cows?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in salmon?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in salmon?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in wheat?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in wheat?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in yeast?
Percentage of each type of base: thymine in yeast?
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Study Notes
Nucleotide Structure
- Nucleotides consist of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base.
- Deoxyribose is the sugar found in DNA nucleotides.
- The nitrogenous base is the component of nucleotides that contains nitrogen.
Nitrogen Bases
- The four nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
- Nitrogen bases form the rungs of the DNA ladder.
- Adenine pairs with thymine, while guanine pairs with cytosine in DNA.
DNA Orientation and Bonding
- DNA strands are described as antiparallel, running in opposite directions.
- Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds between them.
- Cytosine and guanine are bonded by three hydrogen bonds.
DNA Structure Rules
- Adenine and thymine are arranged to have equal proportions in DNA.
- Guanine and cytosine also pair in equal proportions.
Complementary Base Pairing
- For the DNA strand 5'-ATCCAG-3', the complementary strand is 3'-TAGGTC-5'.
DNA Double Helix
- The double helix shape of DNA results from hydrogen bonds holding the strands together and twisting into a helix.
DNA Replication Steps
- The first step in DNA replication involves breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases.
- This is followed by the separation of DNA strands.
- Free nucleotides are attracted to the exposed bases on the separated strands.
- Finally, hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form to create new strands.
Role of DNA Helicase
- DNA helicase is an enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases during replication.
Semi-Conservative Replication
- DNA replication is termed semi-conservative because each new DNA strand consists of one parent strand and one new daughter strand.
Mutation Prevention
- Semi-conservative replication reduces mutations by using the parent strand as a template, enabling enzymes to make corrections if necessary.
Base Composition Percentages
- In various organisms, the following percentages of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are observed:
- Humans: 31% adenine, 19% guanine, 19% cytosine, 31% thymine.
- Cows: 28% adenine, 22% guanine, 22% cytosine, 28% thymine.
- Salmon: 29% adenine, 21% guanine, 21% cytosine, 29% thymine.
- Wheat: 27% adenine, 23% guanine, 23% cytosine, 27% thymine.
- Yeast: 31% adenine, 19% guanine, 19% cytosine, 31% thymine.
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