DNA Structure and Replication Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide?

deoxyribose

Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen?

nitrogenous base

What are the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA?

<p>adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part(s) of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the 'ladder'?

<p>nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, are the rungs parallel or antiparallel?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?

<p>thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen bonds connect adenine and thymine?

<p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

When one nucleotide contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand?

<p>guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen bonds connect cytosine and guanine?

<p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write a rule for how adenine and thymine are arranged in the ladder of DNA.

<p>adenine and thymine are attracted to each other and will have equal components</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write a rule for how cytosine and guanine are arranged in the ladder of DNA.

<p>guanine and cytosine are attracted to each other and will have equal components</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the complementary bases on the strand 5'-ATCCAG-3'?

<p>3'-TAGGTC-5'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the double helix shape of DNA.

<p>it is held together by hydrogen bonds and they twist to make a helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 1st step in DNA replication?

<p>hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 2nd step in DNA replication?

<p>strand of DNA separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 3rd step in DNA replication?

<p>free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 4th step in DNA replication?

<p>hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?

<p>enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA?

<p>breaks hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rule is used to join free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA?

<p>Chargaff's rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?

<p>it has 1 parent strand and 1 daughter strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does semi-conservative replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication?

<p>the parent has the correct coding and can repair the daughter strand because of the complimentary base polymerase 1, enzymes can spot errors and can figure out the correct base pair from the parent strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: adenine in humans?

<p>31%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: adenine in cows?

<p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: adenine in salmon?

<p>29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: adenine in wheat?

<p>27%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: adenine in yeast?

<p>31%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: guanine in humans?

<p>19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: guanine in cows?

<p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: guanine in salmon?

<p>21%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: guanine in wheat?

<p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: guanine in yeast?

<p>19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in humans?

<p>19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in cows?

<p>22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in salmon?

<p>21%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in wheat?

<p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: cytosine in yeast?

<p>19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: thymine in humans?

<p>31%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: thymine in cows?

<p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: thymine in salmon?

<p>29%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: thymine in wheat?

<p>27%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Percentage of each type of base: thymine in yeast?

<p>31%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nucleotide Structure

  • Nucleotides consist of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base.
  • Deoxyribose is the sugar found in DNA nucleotides.
  • The nitrogenous base is the component of nucleotides that contains nitrogen.

Nitrogen Bases

  • The four nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
  • Nitrogen bases form the rungs of the DNA ladder.
  • Adenine pairs with thymine, while guanine pairs with cytosine in DNA.

DNA Orientation and Bonding

  • DNA strands are described as antiparallel, running in opposite directions.
  • Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds between them.
  • Cytosine and guanine are bonded by three hydrogen bonds.

DNA Structure Rules

  • Adenine and thymine are arranged to have equal proportions in DNA.
  • Guanine and cytosine also pair in equal proportions.

Complementary Base Pairing

  • For the DNA strand 5'-ATCCAG-3', the complementary strand is 3'-TAGGTC-5'.

DNA Double Helix

  • The double helix shape of DNA results from hydrogen bonds holding the strands together and twisting into a helix.

DNA Replication Steps

  • The first step in DNA replication involves breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases.
  • This is followed by the separation of DNA strands.
  • Free nucleotides are attracted to the exposed bases on the separated strands.
  • Finally, hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form to create new strands.

Role of DNA Helicase

  • DNA helicase is an enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases during replication.

Semi-Conservative Replication

  • DNA replication is termed semi-conservative because each new DNA strand consists of one parent strand and one new daughter strand.

Mutation Prevention

  • Semi-conservative replication reduces mutations by using the parent strand as a template, enabling enzymes to make corrections if necessary.

Base Composition Percentages

  • In various organisms, the following percentages of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are observed:
    • Humans: 31% adenine, 19% guanine, 19% cytosine, 31% thymine.
    • Cows: 28% adenine, 22% guanine, 22% cytosine, 28% thymine.
    • Salmon: 29% adenine, 21% guanine, 21% cytosine, 29% thymine.
    • Wheat: 27% adenine, 23% guanine, 23% cytosine, 27% thymine.
    • Yeast: 31% adenine, 19% guanine, 19% cytosine, 31% thymine.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the key components of DNA, including the structure of nucleotides, the types of sugars, and the nitrogenous bases. Perfect for students studying genetics or molecular biology, it helps reinforce fundamental concepts related to DNA. Test your knowledge on the essential building blocks of life with these flashcards.

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