Gurnick VN PREREQ Midterm Review Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the monomer of nucleotides?

Amino acids

Nucleic acids (correct)

Fatty acids

Carbohydrates

What are the RNA monomers?

Phosphate group, ribose, nucleic base

What is the central sugar of RNA?

Ribose

What are the 4 types of nucleic bases for RNA?

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil Signup and view all the answers

What are the DNA monomers?

Phosphate group, deoxyribose, nucleic base Signup and view all the answers

What is the central sugar for DNA?

Deoxyribose Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 types of nucleic bases for DNA?

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

Original code, double stranded, double helix Signup and view all the answers

What is RNA?

Copy of DNA, single stranded Signup and view all the answers

What is a complementing strand?

A strand of DNA that covers and protects the original code; formed through hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

What are the base pairs?

A-T, C-G Signup and view all the answers

What are genes?

Portion of a chromosome that creates a specific type of protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the library of DNA?

Cell nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is mRNA?

Copy of a gene Signup and view all the answers

What is transcription?

Process of copying a gene to make mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is translation?

Reading and translating mRNA into a sequence of amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is gene expression?

Entire process that occurs from activating the gene to activating a protein Signup and view all the answers

What are mutations?

Spontaneous changes in DNA Signup and view all the answers

What are point mutations?

Changes in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic disorder?

When a mutation or point mutation gets passed on to offspring Signup and view all the answers

What is adenosine (A)?

Adding a nucleic base (adenine with ribose) Signup and view all the answers

What is adenosine monophosphate (AMP)?

Attaching an adenosine molecule to the phosphate group Signup and view all the answers

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Adding a third phosphate group to the second phosphate group Signup and view all the answers

What is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

Attaching another phosphate group to the first phosphate group Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic disorder in simple terms?

A single dysfunctional protein in a complex organism Signup and view all the answers

What is a degenerative disease?

Caused by heredity, infection, injury, substance abuse, or can be unknown Signup and view all the answers

What are nutritional disorders?

Imbalance of nutrients in the body Signup and view all the answers

What are metabolic disorders?

Caused by inborn errors of metabolism or can be acquired due to lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

What are autoimmune disorders?

Inherited; white blood cells attack certain body tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are acquired immune disorders?

Infections that attack the immune cells, such as HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is a needle biopsy?

Aspiration of a mass of suspicious cells Signup and view all the answers

What is dysplasia?

Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs Signup and view all the answers

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death, hereditary Signup and view all the answers

What are psychiatric disorders?

Chemical imbalances in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What are neurotransmitters?

Neurons that communicate with each other Signup and view all the answers

What are infectious diseases?

Preventable; caused by microbes and multi-cellular organisms Signup and view all the answers

What are predisposing factors of disease?

Age, gender, hereditary, socioeconomic status, pre-existing illness, living conditions and habits, emotional disturbance, physical and chemical change Signup and view all the answers

What is etiology?

Study of the cause of disease Signup and view all the answers

What is incidence?

Rate of new cases of a disease Signup and view all the answers

What is prevalence?

Portion of population already infected by the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is acute?

Sudden; less than 3 months Signup and view all the answers

What is chronic?

More than 3 months Signup and view all the answers

What is idiopathic?

Disease of unknown origin Signup and view all the answers

What is iatrogenic?

Disease created by effects of treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is communicable?

Disease transmitted from one person to another Signup and view all the answers

What is an epidemic?

Many people acquiring the same disease at the same time Signup and view all the answers

What is a pandemic?

Infectious disease spread over a large region Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign?

Objective evidence of disease that can be seen by others Signup and view all the answers

What are nosocomial infections?

Hospital acquired infections Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom?

Subjective evidence of a disease that can be sensed only by the patient Signup and view all the answers

What are the methods of transmission of infections?

Direct contact, indirect contact, portals of entry and exit (skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, reproductive systems) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Monomers of nucleotides form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
RNA consists of three components: a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and a nucleic base.
The central sugar for RNA is ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose.

Nucleic Bases

RNA has four types of nucleic bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).
DNA features four nucleic bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
Base pairs in DNA are formed as follows: A with T and C with G.

DNA and RNA Structure

DNA is characterized as double-stranded and features a double helix structure.
RNA is a single-stranded copy of DNA.

Genetic Concepts

DNA can have a complimenting strand created to protect the original code through hydrogen bonding.
Genes represent segments of chromosomes that produce specific proteins.
The cell nucleus serves as the repository for the library of DNA.

Transcription and Translation

mRNA is generated from genes through transcription, which is the copying process.
Translation involves reading mRNA and converting it into an amino acid sequence.

Gene Expression and Mutations

Gene expression entails the full process from gene activation to the translation of proteins.
Mutations refer to spontaneous alterations in DNA, including point mutations affecting a single nucleotide.
Genetic disorders arise when mutations or point mutations are passed to offspring.

Nucleotide Metabolism

Adenosine (A) results from adding a nucleic base (adenine) to ribose.
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is formed by attaching a phosphate group to adenosine.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) results from adding a third phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Disease Classification

Genetic disorders involve issues with one or more proteins in complex organisms.
Degenerative diseases can have hereditary, infectious, or unknown causes.
Nutritional disorders stem from nutrient imbalances in the body.
Metabolic disorders are linked to inherited errors in metabolism or hormonal imbalances from poor lifestyle choices.
Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks body tissues.
Acquired immune disorders are infections like HIV that compromise immune function.

Diagnostic and Disease Terms

A needle biopsy involves the aspiration of suspicious cells for examination.
Dysplasia indicates abnormal growth or development of cells and tissues.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death, often influenced by hereditary factors.

Psychological and Infectious Diseases

Psychiatric disorders are often associated with chemical imbalances in the brain.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons.
Infectious diseases are caused by microbes or complex multicellular organisms and can be preventable.

Epidemiology and Disease Spread

Predisposing factors include age, gender, hereditary traits, socioeconomic status, existing illnesses, and emotional or physical changes.
Etiology is the study of disease origins.
Incidence represents the rate of new disease cases, while prevalence indicates the total proportion of infected individuals in a population.

Disease Characteristics

Acute diseases have a sudden onset and last for less than three months.
Chronic diseases persist for longer than three months.
Idiopathic diseases have unknown origins, while iatrogenic diseases result from treatment effects.
Communicable diseases can spread from person to person.
Epidemics occur when many individuals acquire the same disease simultaneously, whereas pandemics signify widespread infectious disease.

Symptoms and Signs

Signs are objective evidence of disease observable by others.
Symptoms are subjective experiences sensed only by the patient, reflecting their illness.
Transmission of infections occurs via direct or indirect contact and through various bodily portals such as skin or respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

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Description

Prepare for your Gurnick VN prerequisite midterm exam with these flashcards. The quiz covers essential topics related to nucleic acids, including monomers of DNA and RNA, and their components. Test your knowledge on nucleotides and their structures to ensure you're ready for your exam.