Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary component of DNA?
What is the primary component of DNA?
- Adenine
- Histones
- Deoxyribonucleotides (correct)
- Ribose
In which types of cells is DNA found?
In which types of cells is DNA found?
- Only in animal cells
- In every nucleated cell (correct)
- Only in bacteria
- Only in plant cells
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as Purines?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as Purines?
- Adenine and Thymin
- Cytosine and Uracil
- Adenine and Guanine (correct)
- Thymine and Cytosine
What is the sugar component of DNA?
What is the sugar component of DNA?
What term was coined by Atlman for the protein-free preparation of nuclei?
What term was coined by Atlman for the protein-free preparation of nuclei?
What makes the nitrogenous bases in DNA negatively charged?
What makes the nitrogenous bases in DNA negatively charged?
How does a nucleoside form?
How does a nucleoside form?
Which other nitrogenous base complements Adenine in DNA?
Which other nitrogenous base complements Adenine in DNA?
What type of bond links ribonucleotides together in RNA?
What type of bond links ribonucleotides together in RNA?
Where does the phosphate group attach in a deoxyribonucleotide?
Where does the phosphate group attach in a deoxyribonucleotide?
Which nucleotides serve as the building blocks for DNA?
Which nucleotides serve as the building blocks for DNA?
In a nucleic acid strand, which end is defined by a free hydroxyl group?
In a nucleic acid strand, which end is defined by a free hydroxyl group?
What type of structural unit is a deoxyribonucleotide composed of?
What type of structural unit is a deoxyribonucleotide composed of?
Which atom in the nitrogenous base of a nucleotide is typically linked to the sugar?
Which atom in the nitrogenous base of a nucleotide is typically linked to the sugar?
What kind of bond forms between the monosaccharide units of polysaccharides?
What kind of bond forms between the monosaccharide units of polysaccharides?
Which functional group does the phosphate group attach to in a nucleic acid?
Which functional group does the phosphate group attach to in a nucleic acid?
What is the primary structural difference between a dinucleotide and a polynucleotide?
What is the primary structural difference between a dinucleotide and a polynucleotide?
What role do hydrogen bonds play in the structure of DNA?
What role do hydrogen bonds play in the structure of DNA?
Which carbon of the sugar molecule in a nucleotide is bonded to the nitrogenous base?
Which carbon of the sugar molecule in a nucleotide is bonded to the nitrogenous base?
What feature distinguishes the arrangement of DNA strands in the double helix?
What feature distinguishes the arrangement of DNA strands in the double helix?
Which of the following best defines a nucleotide?
Which of the following best defines a nucleotide?
What is considered the functionally important aspect of the order of bases in a polynucleotide?
What is considered the functionally important aspect of the order of bases in a polynucleotide?
What two scientists are credited with determining the three-dimensional structure of DNA?
What two scientists are credited with determining the three-dimensional structure of DNA?
In a nucleotide, what connects the 3rd carbon of one sugar to the 5th carbon of the next?
In a nucleotide, what connects the 3rd carbon of one sugar to the 5th carbon of the next?
What is the relationship between Adenine and Thymine in DNA?
What is the relationship between Adenine and Thymine in DNA?
Which groove of the DNA double helix is wider and more accessible for protein binding?
Which groove of the DNA double helix is wider and more accessible for protein binding?
Which pair of bases is correctly matched according to Chargaff's Rule?
Which pair of bases is correctly matched according to Chargaff's Rule?
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between Adenine and Thymine?
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between Adenine and Thymine?
What structure do the glycosidic bonds between sugar and bases form in DNA?
What structure do the glycosidic bonds between sugar and bases form in DNA?
Which of the following statements about the backbone of DNA is true?
Which of the following statements about the backbone of DNA is true?
Why is the interaction of DNA-binding proteins more favorable with the major groove?
Why is the interaction of DNA-binding proteins more favorable with the major groove?
Which of the following is NOT true about the base pairing in DNA?
Which of the following is NOT true about the base pairing in DNA?
What is the most common conformation of DNA?
What is the most common conformation of DNA?
How many base pairs does one complete turn of the B-DNA double helix consist of?
How many base pairs does one complete turn of the B-DNA double helix consist of?
What is the diameter of the B-DNA double helix?
What is the diameter of the B-DNA double helix?
In what condition is Z-DNA primarily seen?
In what condition is Z-DNA primarily seen?
What type of molecules are prokaryotic DNA typically associated with?
What type of molecules are prokaryotic DNA typically associated with?
What is the pitch of the A-DNA helix?
What is the pitch of the A-DNA helix?
Which feature differentiates Z-DNA from B-DNA?
Which feature differentiates Z-DNA from B-DNA?
What is a feature of eukaryotic DNA compared to prokaryotic DNA?
What is a feature of eukaryotic DNA compared to prokaryotic DNA?
Study Notes
DNA Structure
- DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
- Nuclear DNA is bound to basic proteins called histones.
- DNA is present in every nucleated cell and carries genetic information.
- DNA is composed of two strands wound around each other to form a double helix with bases inside and sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside.
- Two DNA strands are organized in an antiparallel arrangement.
- The bases form hydrogen bonds to each other.
- Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine. This is called complementary base pairing.
DNA Components
- Deoxyribose: A five-carbon sugar that forms the backbone of DNA.
- Phosphate Group: A negatively charged group that links deoxyribose molecules together.
- Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Adenine and Guanine are purines; Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines.
DNA Nucleotides
- Nucleoside: A base bound to a sugar.
- Nucleotide: A nucleoside bound to a phosphate group.
- Deoxyribonucleotides: Nucleotides containing deoxyribose are the building blocks of DNA.
- Ribonucleotides: Nucleotides containing ribose are the building blocks of RNA.
DNA Structure Features
- Double helix: DNA has two strands that wind around each other.
- Antiparallel: The two strands of DNA have opposite orientations.
- Major groove: A wider groove between the two strands of DNA.
- Minor groove: A narrower groove between the two strands of DNA.
- B-DNA: The most common conformation of DNA. It is a right-handed helix with one turn every 10.4 base pairs.
- A-DNA: A right-handed helix that is wider and flatter than B-DNA. It is found in dehydrated conditions or low salt concentrations.
- Z-DNA: A left-handed helix with one turn every 12 base pairs. It is found in high salt concentrations.
DNA Polymorphism
- DNA can exist in different conformations depending on conditions.
Prokaryotic DNA
- Found in bacteria and archaea.
- Present as a single circular molecule called a bacterial chromosome.
- DNA is naked (without associated histone proteins).
Eukaryotic DNA
- Found in more complex multicellular organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and single-celled organisms like amoeba and yeast.
- Enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.
- DNA is bound with histone proteins.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental structure of DNA, including its components such as deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases, and nucleotides. Understand how DNA forms a double helix and the significance of complementary base pairing. Test your knowledge of how these elements function together to carry genetic information.
