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Questions and Answers
Another technology involves creating _____ copies _____ of DNA. This process is called Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR
Another technology involves creating _____ copies _____ of DNA. This process is called Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR
multiple
This process can produce an unlimited _____ quantity _____ of DNA and can make it easier for scientists to _____ study _____ the DNA.
This process can produce an unlimited _____ quantity _____ of DNA and can make it easier for scientists to _____ study _____ the DNA.
large
The process involves a device called a _____ thermalcycler _____ . This device repeatedly _____ heats _____ and then cools the DNA.
The process involves a device called a _____ thermalcycler _____ . This device repeatedly _____ heats _____ and then cools the DNA.
thermocycler; heats
The heating part causes the DNA to _____ unzip or separate _____ and the cooling process enables it to reform.
The heating part causes the DNA to _____ unzip or separate _____ and the cooling process enables it to reform.
Regular DNA Polymerase cannot be used as the heating process would destroy it. Instead, something called _____ taq polymerase _____ is used. This enzyme was found in _____ thermophillic _____ bacteria that can withstand the high temperatures.
Regular DNA Polymerase cannot be used as the heating process would destroy it. Instead, something called _____ taq polymerase _____ is used. This enzyme was found in _____ thermophillic _____ bacteria that can withstand the high temperatures.
Another category of DNA technology is _____ gene editing _____. This involves either modifying an existing _____ gene _____ or removing a gene and then replacing it with a different gene.
Another category of DNA technology is _____ gene editing _____. This involves either modifying an existing _____ gene _____ or removing a gene and then replacing it with a different gene.
The genes are removed using a special type of _____ restriction _____ enzyme. These special restriction enzymes are created using a process known as _____ CRISPR _____ which stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
The genes are removed using a special type of _____ restriction _____ enzyme. These special restriction enzymes are created using a process known as _____ CRISPR _____ which stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
When _____ genes _____ are removed from one organism and added to the DNA of another organism, the second organism will express the traits of the first. This is called _____ recombinant _____ DNA Technology.
When _____ genes _____ are removed from one organism and added to the DNA of another organism, the second organism will express the traits of the first. This is called _____ recombinant _____ DNA Technology.
The organisms result from this are called genetically modified organisms or simply _____ transgenic _____ organisms. Some examples include: bacteria that produce mammalian _____ hormones _____, rice that produce _____ vitamin A _____, and crops that are _____ herbicide _____ resistant.
The organisms result from this are called genetically modified organisms or simply _____ transgenic _____ organisms. Some examples include: bacteria that produce mammalian _____ hormones _____, rice that produce _____ vitamin A _____, and crops that are _____ herbicide _____ resistant.
The last bit of technology deals with cloning. A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single _____ cell _____ .
The last bit of technology deals with cloning. A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single _____ cell _____ .
This process is easy to perform with _____ unicellular _____ organisms, but has not been perfected with _____ multicellular _____ organisms.
This process is easy to perform with _____ unicellular _____ organisms, but has not been perfected with _____ multicellular _____ organisms.
The first mammal produced by cloning was created in 1997 by Ian Wilmut. He took a cell from the _____ udder _____ of a sheep and an egg cell from another sheep.
The first mammal produced by cloning was created in 1997 by Ian Wilmut. He took a cell from the _____ udder _____ of a sheep and an egg cell from another sheep.
The _____ nucleus _____ was removed from the egg. The cell taken from the udder was then _____ fused _____ with the hollow egg.
The _____ nucleus _____ was removed from the egg. The cell taken from the udder was then _____ fused _____ with the hollow egg.
After applying an _____ electric shock _____ , the cell began to divide. This dividing _____ cell _____ was then placed into a foster mother where it developed into a lamb which they called _____ Dolly _____ .
After applying an _____ electric shock _____ , the cell began to divide. This dividing _____ cell _____ was then placed into a foster mother where it developed into a lamb which they called _____ Dolly _____ .
She was the only one out of _____ 277 _____ trials to survive. This process is also known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer or (SCNT) for short.
She was the only one out of _____ 277 _____ trials to survive. This process is also known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer or (SCNT) for short.
Cloning may be used to preserve _____ endangered species _____, to improve _____ agriculture _____ and to advance medical technology.
Cloning may be used to preserve _____ endangered species _____, to improve _____ agriculture _____ and to advance medical technology.
Some scientists are even looking at cloning _____ organs _____. The major concerns center around the possibility of _____ human _____ cloning.
Some scientists are even looking at cloning _____ organs _____. The major concerns center around the possibility of _____ human _____ cloning.
Flashcards
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Process of creating multiple copies of DNA or DNA segments using a thermal cycler.
Gene Editing
Gene Editing
Modifying an existing gene, removing a gene, or replacing it with a different gene.
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
DNA formed by combining genetic material from different sources.
Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Organisms
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Clone
Clone
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
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Study Notes
- Another technology involves creating copies of DNA.
- This process copies an entire copy of DNA or individual segments.
- The process is called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
- PCR can produce an unlimited quantity of DNA.
- PCR makes studying DNA easier for scientists.
- The process uses a device called a thermalcycler.
- The thermalcycler heats and then cools the DNA repeatedly.
- Heating causes the DNA to unzip, or separate, and the cooling process enables it to reform.
- Specific DNA primers and a special type of DNA Polymerase are also added to the sample.
- This process tricks the DNA into making multiple copies of itself.
- Regular DNA Polymerase cannot be used as the heating process would destroy it.
- Taq polymerase is used, as this was found in thermophillic bacteria that can withstand the high temperatures.
Gene Editing
- Another category of DNA technology is gene editing.
- Gene editing involves either modifying an existing gene or removing a gene and then replacing it with a different gene.
- Genes are removed using a special type of restriction enzyme.
- Restriction enzymes are created using a process known as CRISPR, which stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
- Scientists can create designer restriction enzymes that target specific genes using this process and an enzyme complex known as CAS9.
Recombinant DNA Technology
- When genes are removed from one organism and added to the DNA of another organism, the second organism will express the traits of the first.
- This is called recombinant DNA Technology.
- The organisms that result are called genetically modified organisms, or simply transgenic organisms.
- Examples include:
- Bacteria that produce mammalian hormones
- Rice that produce vitamin A
- Crops that are herbicide resistant
Cloning
- A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.
- The cloning process is easy to perform with unicellular organisms, but has not been perfected with multicellular organisms.
- The first mammal produced by cloning occurred in 1997 by Ian Wilmut.
- Wilmut took a cell from the udder of a sheep and an egg cell from another sheep.
- The nucleus was removed from the egg.
- The cell taken from the udder was then fused with the hollow egg.
- After applying an electric shock, the cell began to divide.
- This dividing cell was then placed into a foster mother where it developed into a lamb which they called Dolly.
- Dolly was the only one out of 277 trials to survive.
- This process is also known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer or (SCNT) for short.
- Over the years, scientists have become better at the process, but cloning still has a high failure rate.
Why Clone?
- Cloning may be used to preserve endangered species, to improve agriculture, and to advance medical technology.
- Some scientists are even looking at cloning organs.
- Major concerns center around the possibility of human cloning.
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