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DNA Fingerprinting and the Human Genome Project
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DNA Fingerprinting and the Human Genome Project

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical size range of VNTRs?

  • 0.1 to 20 kb (correct)
  • 0.1 to 15 kb
  • 1 to 10 kb
  • 0.1 to 5 kb

    • How does DNA fingerprinting help differentiate individuals?

  • By analyzing banding patterns formed by VNTRs (correct)
  • By comparing chromosome sizes
  • By measuring DNA quantities
  • By assessing protein expression levels

    • What technology has increased the sensitivity of DNA fingerprinting?

  • Sanger sequencing
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (correct)
  • Mass spectrometry
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

    • Which statement accurately reflects the uniqueness of DNA profiles?

    <p>Identical twins share identical DNA profiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of DNA fingerprinting, what is a VNTR probe used for?

    <p>To hybridize and visualize VNTR patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary aim of the Human Genome Project?

    <p>To identify all approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated total cost of sequencing the human genome at the project's initiation?

    <p>Approximately 9 billion US dollars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many books would be needed to store the DNA sequence information from a single human cell?

    <p>3300</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technological advancement was closely associated with the Human Genome Project?

    <p>Bioinformatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant challenge did the Human Genome Project face due to the data generated?

    <p>The need for high speed computational devices for data storage and retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was not listed as a goal of the Human Genome Project?

    <p>Develop new bioengineering techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Human Genome Project officially completed?

    <p>2003</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who coordinated the Human Genome Project?

    <p>The National Institute of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying all the genes expressed as RNA?

    <p>To generate Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are commonly used as hosts for cloning DNA fragments?

    <p>Bacteria and yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vectors like BAC and YAC in DNA sequencing?

    <p>To clone and amplify DNA fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sequence annotation involve?

    <p>Assigning functions to DNA regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used for the automated DNA sequencing technique developed by Frederick Sanger?

    <p>Sanger sequencing method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to generate overlapping fragments during sequencing?

    <p>To facilitate the alignment of sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) primarily used for?

    <p>Studying the function of expressed genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of studying DNA variations across different organisms?

    <p>It leads to advances in various fields like healthcare and agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all humans?

    <p>99.9 per cent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome contains the most genes identified in the human genome?

    <p>Chromosome 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated total number of genes in the human genome?

    <p>30,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do repetitive sequences in DNA primarily serve?

    <p>No direct coding functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features of the human genome indicates that a significant portion of the genome is uncharacterized?

    <p>Over 50 per cent of discovered genes have unknown functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest known human gene mentioned in the observations of the human genome project?

    <p>Dystrophin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant applications of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in research?

    <p>Tracing human history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary task is highlighted for future research stemming from the human genome project?

    <p>Deriving meaningful knowledge from DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes DNA polymorphism in a population?

    <p>It is present if more than one variant exists at a locus with a frequency greater than 0.01.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do noncoding DNA sequences have a higher probability of showing genetic variation?

    <p>Mutations in these sequences do not typically affect reproductive ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which steps are involved in the process of DNA fingerprinting using VNTR?

    <p>Isolation of DNA, digestion, and detection of hybridised fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do polymorphisms play in evolution?

    <p>They provide a basis for variability and adaptation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of DNA is known to show a high degree of polymorphism used in DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Satellite DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation type can contribute to polymorphism in germ cells?

    <p>Copy number variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows the digestion of DNA in DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Hybridization using labelled probes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mutations in noncoding regions generally affect an individual's reproductive success?

    <p>They have negligible immediate effects on reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Fingerprinting

    • The number of Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) on a chromosome varies greatly.
    • VNTR variation results in differing DNA fragment sizes.
    • The presence of distinct fragment sizes in DNA generates a unique banding pattern.
    • The banding pattern is unique to individuals, except for identical twins.
    • VNTRs fall under satellite DNA known as mini-satellite.
    • Mini-satellite DNA sequences repeat themselves multiple times.
    • The copy number of the mini-satellite sequence varies between chromosomes.
    • DNA fingerprinting uses radioactive VNTR probes to identify specific fragments.
    • The process includes DNA isolation, digestion, electrophoresis, blotting, hybridization, and autoradiography.
    • DNA fingerprinting has applications in forensics, population genetics, and determining genetic diversity.
    • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) increases the sensitivity of DNA fingerprinting.

    Human Genome Project

    • The Human Genome Project (HGP) was launched in 1990 to decipher the complete DNA sequence of the human genome.
    • The HGP was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.
    • The project cost billions of dollars and required massive data storage and analysis capabilities.
    • Key goals included identifying all human genes, determining the 3 billion base pairs of human DNA, storing the information in databases, improving data analysis tools, transferring technology to industries, and addressing ethical and social issues.
    • The HGP is considered a mega project due to its magnitude and complexity.
    • The project concluded in 2003.
    • The HGP revealed that the human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and 20,000-25,000 genes.
    • The project also found that less than 2% of the human genome codes for proteins.
    • The human genome contains numerous repeated sequences with unknown functions.
    • The HGP data has helped identify over 1.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
    • SNPs play a crucial role in understanding genetic variation and disease susceptibility.

    DNA Polymorphism

    • DNA polymorphism involves variations in gene sequences between individuals.
    • Polymorphism arises from mutations that are not harmful to the individual's reproductive ability.
    • These mutations accumulate over generations and contribute to genetic diversity.
    • Polymorphism plays a crucial role in evolution and speciation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the principles and techniques of DNA fingerprinting, including the role of Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) and the process of analyzing DNA patterns. Additionally, it touches on the Human Genome Project and its significance in genetics. Test your knowledge on these critical topics in modern genetics.

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