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Questions and Answers
What is forensic science defined as?
What is the term for nucleotide sequence variations in a region of DNA that generates fragment length differences?
What is the purpose of using restriction enzymes in DNA profiling?
What is the process by which DNA fragments are separated based on their size?
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What is the first step in DNA profiling?
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What is the term for the process of creating a unique DNA profile?
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What is the primary purpose of PCR in forensic science?
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What is the role of Taq DNA polymerase in PCR?
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What is the result of 30 cycles of PCR?
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What is the purpose of heating the sample to 94°C in PCR?
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What is the primary application of PCR in paternity disputes?
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What is the name of the machine that cycles through the three temperatures in PCR?
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Study Notes
Forensic Science Overview
- Forensic science integrates law and scientific principles.
- Historical progression: First photography, followed by fingerprinting, and then DNA fingerprinting in 1985.
DNA Fingerprinting Techniques
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) identifies variations in nucleotide sequences based on restriction enzyme recognition sites.
- RFLP fragments are analyzed and separated via gel electrophoresis.
DNA Profiling Process
- DNA Extraction: Obtaining DNA from samples.
- DNA Cutting: Using restriction enzymes to fragment DNA into various sizes.
- Fragment Separation: Employing gel electrophoresis to place DNA fragments in wells for separation.
- DNA Transfer: Moving the separated DNA to a membrane for analysis.
- Analysis: Examining the DNA profiles for interpretation of results.
Applications of DNA Analysis
- Used in paternity testing, forensic investigations, genetic screening, and genetic archaeology.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- A crucial technique for amplifying specific DNA segments, enabling detailed study and analysis.
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Requirements:
- Template DNA containing the targeted region.
- DNA primers flank the region of interest.
- Taq DNA polymerase extends new DNA strands.
- Nucleotides (A, T, C, G) added complementary to the template.
PCR Process
- Conducted in a thermal cycler where:
- DNA is heated to 94°C to denature the double strand.
- Temperature is lowered to 50-60°C for primer annealing.
- Maintained at 72°C for polymerase elongation of new strands.
- The cycle is repeated approximately 30 times, effectively doubling the target DNA segments each cycle.
Applications of PCR
- Essential for diagnosing diseases, providing genetic information in forensic settings, and offering investigative insights through DNA analysis at crime scenes.
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Description
Explore the basics of forensic genetics, including DNA fingerprinting and forensic analysis. Learn about the intersection of law and science, and how DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized forensic science. Discover the role of RFLP in forensic analysis.
