DNA and RNA Structure

<p>They provide ionic interactions that stabilize the DNA around the core. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They remain unchanged across species due to their essential biological function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complementary size and bonding pattern of purines and pyrimidines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates gene expression by controlling DNA accessibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA is transcribed in a 5' to 3' direction from the DNA template strand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientific theories must be falsifiable and based on empirical evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heightened susceptibility to cancer due to unchecked cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detecting DNA damage and triggering apoptosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the biological roles of specific genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was falsified by demonstrating species-specific nucleotide ratios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researching the effects of gene therapy on target tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify genes that suppress tumor formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has facilitated insights into complex biological systems and disease mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To replace dead or damaged cells and maintain homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell checks for adequate size, nutrition, and potential DNA damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S (Synthesis) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of cell cycle checkpoints allowing damaged cells to divide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malignant tumors can metastasize to distant organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They regulate the progression of the cell cycle phases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Errors during the G2 phase checkpoint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critical functions necessary for survival remain intact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer and tumor formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G1 phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benign tumors grow slowly and do not metastasize (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To check that DNA replication is complete and error-free (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They proliferate to replenish specific cell types, such as blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malignant tumors are invasive and pose a greater health risk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcriptome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be influenced by environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can silence or activate gene expression by binding to mRNA or chromatin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It resulted in enhanced stress resilience due to epigenetic modifications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiation is regulated by variations in gene expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic mutations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High levels of maternal care leading to similar behaviors in descendants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can either activate or repress gene expression depending on the specific context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MZ twins share 100% of their genetic material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represses gene expression by compacting the DNA structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encompasses the complete set of proteins produced by a cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dictates the types of proteins synthesized in specialized cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations in phenotypes indicate the influence of epigenetic modifications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorus (³²P) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only DNA enters bacterial cells during viral infection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotide ratios can vary among different species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiate between DNA and protein components. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They influence gene expression without altering the DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only the DNA entered the bacteria after infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental influences like diet and stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotide ratios in DNA vary by species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their genetic similarity allows isolation of environmental effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic predispositions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They established DNA as the molecule of inheritance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of the double-helix structure of DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a marker for epigenetic modifications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S (Synthesis) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure adequate size and proper nutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind to DNA sequences and regulate gene expression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structures required for mitosis begin to assemble. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The errors can lead to mutations and genomic instability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G1 (Gap 1) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells in this phase can re-enter the cell cycle under certain conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell carries out normal metabolic activities and grows. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homology-directed repair (HDR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more likely to exhibit linkage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent assortment of alleles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By editing the hemoglobin gene directly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cut DNA at specific locations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction in symptoms for some patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alleles segregate independently of one another during gamete formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guide RNA (gRNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linkage between genes may affect editing outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By interacting with activator proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can either activate or repress transcription depending on context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By binding to mRNA and causing degradation or repression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents translation initiation to conserve resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its expression is influenced by environmental cues like lactose intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They alter the accessibility of DNA to transcription machinery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of different protein isoforms from the same mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is marked for degradation or translational inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can activate or repress transcription factors based on external signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It loosens chromatin structure and promotes transcription (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancers recruit RNA polymerase, while silencers prevent its recruitment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA polymerase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can silence specific genes or modify chromatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable mRNAs are more likely to be translated, whereas unstable ones are degraded (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting gene expression related to cell proliferation and differentiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They promote overexpression of growth signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only one allele for a gene is passed to each gamete (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exaggerated size due to active imprinted genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the transcription of genes essential for implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates growth and the development of secondary sexual characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote cell division by being imprinted differently in hybrids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By regulating a wide range of biological functions including reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes normal growth rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates receptors that enhance transcription of target genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genes are distributed randomly into gametes, promoting genetic diversity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes a heightened expression of growth-promoting genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in the expression of genes that prepare the uterus for implantation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The direction in which a nucleic acid strand is built, from the 5' end (phosphate group) to the 3' end (hydroxyl group)

The arrangement of DNA strands, where one runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5', allowing for base pairing and stable structure.

The process by which DNA is copied, ensuring genetic information is passed on to daughter cells

The process by which RNA is made from a DNA template, creating a messenger molecule for protein synthesis

The specific pairing of purines (adenine and guanine) with pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine) in DNA, stabilizing the double helix.

The fundamental unit of chromatin structure, consisting of a segment of DNA wrapped around a histone core

Regions of the genome that are highly similar across different species, suggesting an essential biological function

The process by which DNA is repaired, ensuring the integrity of the genetic code

DNA sequences that are highly similar across different species, suggesting important functions.

Selection that eliminates harmful mutations, leading to the preservation of critical sequences.

The process by which cells divide and produce new cells.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.

The first phase of interphase where the cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and prepares for DNA replication.

The phase of interphase where the cell replicates its DNA.

The final phase of interphase where the cell completes preparation for division.

Genes that control the cell cycle and prevent uncontrolled growth.

Genes that promote cell growth and division.

Proteins that regulate the cell cycle by controlling the transitions between phases.

Non-cancerous growths that remain localized and do not invade surrounding tissues.

Cancerous growths that invade tissues and can spread to other parts of the body.

The spread of cancer cells from the original location to other parts of the body.

The process of cell division.

The process where the cell checks for DNA damage and ensures proper replication.

The entire set of DNA in a cell, encompassing all genes and non-coding sequences.

The complete set of RNA molecules transcribed from the genome at a given time, indicating which genes are actively expressed.

The process by which cells specialize into distinct types with unique functions.

The entire collection of proteins produced by a cell, resulting from translation of mRNA in the transcriptome.

Changes in the DNA sequence itself, including mutations, insertions, deletions, or rearrangements.

Modifications that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, influencing the structure of DNA or chromatin.

The addition of a methyl group (CH₃) to the cytosine base of DNA, typically in a CpG dinucleotide context.

Chemical modifications to histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination.

Small RNA molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), that regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA or chromatin.

The study of how experiences and environmental factors can influence gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

A phenomenon where environmental factors and experiences can trigger epigenetic changes that affect the development and behavior of offspring, even across generations.

Twin studies involving identical twins who share 100% of their genetic material, providing a unique opportunity to study the influence of environmental factors on differences in traits, behaviors, and health outcomes.

Identical twins (MZ) share the same genetic makeup, so any differences in their traits like disease susceptibility or behavior can be attributed to environmental influences or epigenetic modifications, not genetic variation.

The Hershey-Chase experiment involved using radioactive isotopes to track the components of a virus, specifically the T2 bacteriophage, to determine whether DNA or protein carries genetic information.

In the experiment, radioactive phosphorus (³²P) was used to label DNA, and radioactive sulfur (³⁵S) was used to label the protein coat of the virus.

The experiment showed that the radioactive DNA (³²P) entered the bacteria during infection, while the radioactive protein coat (³⁵S) remained outside.

The Hershey-Chase experiment provided compelling evidence that DNA, not protein, carries the genetic information and is responsible for inheriting traits.

Erwin Chargaff's research involved analyzing the nucleotide composition of DNA from various organisms.

Chargaff discovered that in any DNA sample, the amount of adenine (A) is always equal to the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is always equal to the amount of guanine (G).

Chargaff also observed that while the base pairing rules were consistent across species, the overall proportions of A, T, C, and G varied from species to species.

The tetranucleotide hypothesis proposed that DNA was composed of repeating units of all four nucleotides in a fixed order, like ATCG ATCG.

Chargaff's findings disproved the tetranucleotide hypothesis by showing that the proportions of A, T, C, and G were not fixed in a repeating pattern.

Chargaff's Rules, specifically the base pairing equivalence, proved crucial for understanding the structure of DNA, as these rules helped in unraveling the double-helix structure of DNA.

Chargaff's work also highlighted the unique and varying composition of DNA in different organisms, suggesting the possibility of a diverse genetic blueprint for life.

The principle that scientific theories must be able to be tested and potentially proven false. This helps ensure that scientific progress is based on empirical evidence and not just speculation.

The observation that the amount of adenine (A) in DNA is always equal to the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is always equal to the amount of guanine (G).

A technique used by scientists to study the function of specific genes by intentionally inactivating or "knocking out" those genes in living organisms.

A modified version of a gene or a gene that has been completely deleted, used in knockout technology to disrupt the function of the original gene.

The visible physical characteristics or traits of an organism, including its appearance and function. Changes in these traits can be observed after a gene is knocked out.

A mouse model in which the p53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene, has been specifically deleted.

The process by which damaged or abnormal cells are programmed to die, preventing them from dividing uncontrollably.

The study of how tumors develop and grow.

G1 phase is like a cell's childhood - it grows, gets ready to learn (replicate DNA), and makes sure it has enough resources.

The S phase (synthesis) is the DNA replication phase, where the cell makes an exact copy of its genetic information. This is crucial for ensuring that both daughter cells receive a complete set.

The cell finishes growing, checks for errors in the replicated DNA, and prepares the machinery for actual cell division. It's like the finishing touches before a big event!

Transcription factors are like 'on/off switches' for genes. They bind to DNA and can either activate or repress the process of making RNA from a gene.

Interphase is like a cell's busy preparation period for division. It's divided into three phases: G1, S, and G2, each with its own set of tasks.

These checkpoints ensure that the cell only moves on to the next phase if everything is in order. It's like a quality control system.

Transcription is like copying a recipe from a cookbook (DNA) to a recipe card (RNA) so you can make the dish (protein).

Gene expression control is the process of regulating which genes are turned on or off in a cell. It's like deciding which recipe you want to use.

Proteins that bind to DNA and control the rate of transcription by either enhancing or blocking RNA polymerase.

DNA sequences that can bind to activator proteins to enhance transcription, often located far from the gene they regulate.

DNA sequences that bind to repressor proteins to decrease transcription, often located far from the gene they regulate.

The process of adding acetyl groups to histone proteins, generally loosening chromatin structure and promoting transcription.

The process of adding methyl groups to histone proteins, which can either activate or repress transcription depending on the location and context.

Small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate translation by binding to complementary sequences in the 3' UTR of target mRNAs, often leading to translational repression or mRNA degradation.

The process by which mRNA is used as a template to synthesize proteins.

The stability or degradation of mRNA, which plays a critical role in regulating translation. Stable mRNAs are translated, while unstable mRNAs are degraded.

The process of initiating translation by binding the small ribosomal subunit to the mRNA and recruiting the large ribosomal subunit, which can be influenced by factors like stress and nutrient availability.

Proteins that can bind to mRNA and regulate its translation, either promoting or inhibiting the recruitment of the ribosome. They may bind to the untranslated regions (UTRs) of the mRNA.

The ability of some mRNAs to have multiple translation initiation sites, allowing for the production of different protein isoforms depending on the conditions or factors present.

The activity of ribosomes themselves can be regulated, affecting the rate of translation. Ribosome function can be affected by stress conditions or signaling pathways.

The gene that encodes lactase, the enzyme responsible for digesting lactose in milk.

The ability to digest lactose beyond infancy due to the continued expression of the LCT gene.

The principle that during gamete formation, alleles for different traits separate independently of each other, leading to a variety of possible combinations in offspring.

A revolutionary genome-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA using a naturally occurring system in bacteria.

A short RNA sequence designed to guide the Cas9 enzyme to a specific target DNA sequence in the genome.

A DNA-cutting enzyme, guided by the gRNA to a specific target DNA sequence, where it makes a double-stranded break.

A process that repairs the double-stranded break in DNA after Cas9 cuts it. It can lead to insertions or deletions, often disrupting the gene.

A process that repairs the double-stranded break in DNA using a provided repair template to replace specific sequences in the genome.

A genetic blood disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells.

The use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to edit the hemoglobin gene in bone marrow cells to correct the mutation causing sickle cell anemia.

Cells that differentiate to produce various types of blood cells, targeted in CRISPR-Cas9 therapy for sickle cell anemia.

A promising tool for gene therapy, research, and biotechnology, enabling precise and targeted modifications of the genome.

Estradiol, a type of estrogen, interacts with specific receptors in cells, leading to changes in gene expression and activity.

Estradiol receptors are present in breast tissue and play a crucial role in breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Estradiol binding to its receptor in breast cells activates a cascade of signaling events that promote genes involved in cell growth, differentiation, and development.

The offspring of a male lion and a female tiger, ligers, are often larger than their parent species due to genomic imprinting.

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process where certain genes are expressed differently depending on whether they were inherited from the mother or father.

Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) is an imprinted gene that plays a role in growth regulation, and its expression varies between maternal and paternal alleles.

Ligers inherit active IGF2 alleles from both parents, leading to overexpression of growth signals and larger size compared to lions and tigers.

Mendel's Law of Segregation explains how alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation, ensuring that offspring inherit one allele from each parent.

Each individual carries two alleles for each gene, one from each parent, which segregate during gamete formation, ensuring the diploid number of alleles is restored in the offspring.

The two alleles for a gene are randomly distributed into separate gametes during meiosis, explaining why offspring inherit one allele from each parent without affecting others.

Mendel's Laws provide a foundation for understanding how traits are inherited, explaining the patterns of inheritance in offspring.

The inheritance of one allele for a gene does not affect the inheritance of an allele for a different gene, as long as they are on separate chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome.

During meiosis, alleles for each gene segregate randomly into different gametes, ensuring that offspring receive a mix of parental genes.

Mendel's Laws provide a framework for understanding the genetic basis of inheritance, highlighting the fundamental principles of how traits are passed from one generation to the next.