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Some and Any

• Some and any are used with uncountable things or when you cannot specify or do not want to specify an exact amount
• Use some in sentences with demands and when you expect a positive answser
• Use some in polite question or requests, or when you expect a ‘yes’ anwer
• Use any in questions
• Use any in negations
• Use any in conditional clauses
• Examples of Compound uses of some are: something, somewhere, someone, somebody
• Example: Is someone at home?
• Examples of Compound uses of any are: anything, anywhere, anyone, anybody
• Example: I would like to go somewhere this summer

Past Simple Tense

• The past simple tense talks about something that happened in the past
• Regular verbs are formed by adding “ed” to the Infinitive (1st form) which becomes the 2nd form
• walk + ed = walked
• laugh + ed = laughed
• want + ed = wanted
• Notice that if the word ends in 'e', then you just an a "d"
• When you speak a short vowel - then you double
• stop / drop = stopped / dropped
• Some key words for past simple are like: yesterday, last week (month, monday, october etc), in 1984, ago
• Its negation structure is didn't + infinitive
• He didn't go to her last party
• They didn't like his story.
• But, was not (wasn't), were not (weren't), could not (couldn't)
• Its question structure is did + infinitive
• Did he go to her last party?
• Did they like his story?
• But, Was he angry? Were they late? Could they swim?

Simple Future Tense

• Formed using will + infinitive
• Short form: will = 'II
• Negation: will not = won't
• Common key words are like: tomorrow, next week (month, year, summer, Monday, weekend...), in 2050...
• "will" is used for future actions one cannot influence or control
• "will" is used to foretell future actions or to express hopes, expectations, fears, offers, promises and refusals
• key words like: I'm sure, I believe, I expect, I hope, I suppose, I think, I'm afraid, I wonder, I fear, I worry, I promise, I guess or perhaps, possibly, surely, probably, maybe are associated with "will"
• "will" is used with I / we for spontaneous reactions or making promises.

Going to Future Tense

• Formed by using to be + going to + infinitive
• Examples:
• I am going to play football with my friends.
• He is going to finish his homework in the evening.
• Used to talk about future things you intend to do, plan, or decided to do
• Used to foretell future actions for which there is proof that happening in the future

Comparison of Adjectives

• Monosyllabic adjectives use -er, -est for comparative, superlative
• strong, stronger, strongest
• Disyllabic adjectives ending with y, er, ow, le use -er, -est for comparative, superlative
• easy, easier easier
• Other adjectives use more, most for comparative, superlative
• careful, more careful, most careful
• Disyllabic adjectives can use with -er, -est or more, most.
• Irregular forms
• good, better, best
• bad, worse, worst
• much, more, most
• many, more, most
• little, less, least
• The phrase “(not) as … as” are used for telling that someone / something is the same
• Ann is as tall as Mary.
• This test was not as difficult as the last one.

Prepositions of place

• "at" is used to define a point, event and part of our jouney
• "at the window"
• "at a party"
• "at Bill's house"
• Common Expressions: at home / work / school / university / college / station / airport / the seaside / sea (on a voyage) / reception / the corner of a street / the back / front of a building / cinema / group of people
• "on" is used to define a surface, with small islands, a place.
• Portsmouth is on the south coast of England.
• Common Expressions: on a farm / the left / the right / the ground floor / the first floor / the second floor / the way / the chair (sit) / the radio / on television /on a horse / the corner of a street / the corner of a street / the back / front of a letter / piece of paper
• "in"is used to define Enclosed spaces
• in a garden / in a house / in London / in the water / in her bag / in a row / in a town
• We say "in" when we talk about building itself
• We usually say "in" with towns and villages
• We say go / come / travel / fly etc. "to" a place or event
• Last year we flew to "London"
• We went to work "at" seven.
• We say go into/ come into / enter a room / a building

Prepositions of time

• Use "At"

• “times”: at 5 o'clock / 11:45 / midnight / lunchtime

• with “expressions”: at the same time /present / night/ Christmas / at weekends / at the age of

• Use "On"

• “days and dates”: on March / on Friday(s) / Friday mornings/ Saturday night / on Christmas day

• Use "In"

• Longer periods: in April / winter / century / 1970s / the morning(s) / the evening(s)

• Use "During + noun" to say when something happens

• during our holiday

• during the night

• Use "Until/till" to say how long a situation continues

• Let's wait until it stops raining

• I stayed till half past nine.

• From… to - “beginning and end of a period:"*

• Last evening we watched TV from 5 to 8 o' clock.

• For + a period of time: for six years / two hours / a week

• I've lived in this for six years.

• Since + a point in time

• It has been raining since one o’ clock.

Adjectives and Adverbs

• Adjectives describe nouns; adverbs describes verbs

• cheap “car”

• talks “nervously”

• Usually "Adjective + ly = Adverb" (quiet + ly = quietly)

• Exceptions:

• Adjectives ending in -y > ily (happy > happily)

• Adjectives ending in le > ly (terrible > terribly

• Adjectives ending in “ly” (friendly) have "in a friendly way / manner" as a substitute adverbs

• Irregular forms

• good = well

• fast = fast

• straight = straight

• Hard, late, near = special

• Double forms (Different meaning)

• hard (hard) vs hardly (=kaum).

• near (near) vs nearly(=beinahe)

• late (late) vs lately(= in letzter Zeit)

• How to use:

• Verb + adverb: the adverb describes a verb

• Adjective + adverb: adverb describes an adjective

• Adverb + adverb: dverb describes an adverb

• No adverb with following verbs: be, seem, feel, smell look, taste, become, sound, get, turn,grow

Possessive Pronouns

• Used to express ownership
• Replaces a possessive adjective + a noun

• No “its “ possessive forms

Present Perfect Simple

• Used if an action happened in the past and there is a connection to the present, which has just stopped or is still going on
• No exact expression of time used when action happened
• Key Words: already just, vet, ever, never, Tor, since, so far, up to now, not yet, lately, recently
• It is have/has + verb 3rd from
• Short forms: I've never “been” there before - We've “studied”a lot so Par.
• Not (haven't) + 3rd verb + I, you, we, they
• Hhas not (hasn't)+ 3rd + form He She it
• Hove/ Has - subject + verb

Past Progressive

• Formation: I/he/she/it was + ing-form; You we they were + ing-form
• Negation: I wasn't working yesterday He was not mowing the lawn
• Questions: was he watching the near series/; wore you cleaning your Tat last weekend?
• Keywords while, whan
• Weuse it when an action in the past lasted a long time
• If an action happened while another action took place. Wo use the past simple for the short action and the past progressiva forthe long action.
• Example When Tom was cooking, he burnt his hand
• Two long past actions happened at the same time.
• Example: While Iwas repairing my bike, she was wateringthe Rowers

Relativity Clause

• Relative pronouns in English that are: who, which, whose, that, whom, where.
• They link two main caluses: l dated a girl
• wha lived next door
• that lives next door
• Whase bike isit? Its Susan's.
• Use to talk about people, things, animals possessions.
• There are also non-defining rolative ealusos. Wo use thom to give extra information shout the persan or thing thal is not important. We use commas in non defining rolative caluses, but we don't use that

Modal Verbs

• Modal verbs express necessity, ability, permission or possibility
• Ex. can, may and must.
• Modal verbs don't have a past form
• No -s after he, she are used
• Does not use do, does in Questions and Negation