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Questions and Answers
Which classification of alcohol has the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms?
Which classification of alcohol has the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms?
What defines a hydration reaction when preparing alcohols?
What defines a hydration reaction when preparing alcohols?
What is the general formula for phenols?
What is the general formula for phenols?
What distinguishes the Jones Oxidation Test in classifying alcohols?
What distinguishes the Jones Oxidation Test in classifying alcohols?
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In the Lucas test, which type of alcohol produces a reaction most rapidly?
In the Lucas test, which type of alcohol produces a reaction most rapidly?
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In hydrogenation/reduction reactions, which statement is true about the process?
In hydrogenation/reduction reactions, which statement is true about the process?
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Why do Ferric chloride T.S. and Bromine water selectively react with phenols but not with alcohols?
Why do Ferric chloride T.S. and Bromine water selectively react with phenols but not with alcohols?
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What is a key difference between saturated and unsaturated carbon bonds?
What is a key difference between saturated and unsaturated carbon bonds?
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Why is a dehydration reaction considered the opposite of hydration?
Why is a dehydration reaction considered the opposite of hydration?
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Which of the following functional groups is characteristic of ethers?
Which of the following functional groups is characteristic of ethers?
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Which type of alcohol will react with the Jones Oxidation Test?
Which type of alcohol will react with the Jones Oxidation Test?
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What distinguishes phenolic compounds from alcohols in terms of chemical properties?
What distinguishes phenolic compounds from alcohols in terms of chemical properties?
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What is the typical result of a phenolic compound's reaction with Bromine Water?
What is the typical result of a phenolic compound's reaction with Bromine Water?
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Which compound would not react with chromic acid during the Jones Oxidation Test?
Which compound would not react with chromic acid during the Jones Oxidation Test?
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Which of the following statements about the oxidation of alcohols is true?
Which of the following statements about the oxidation of alcohols is true?
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What type of bond is typically formed during the reduction of a ketone to form an alcohol?
What type of bond is typically formed during the reduction of a ketone to form an alcohol?
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Study Notes
Alcohols and Phenols
- Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to a saturated carbon atom.
- Primary (1°) alcohols have one carbon atom bonded to the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
- Secondary (2°) alcohols have two carbon atoms bonded to the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
- Tertiary (3°) alcohols have three carbon atoms bonded to the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
- Phenols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly attached to an aromatic ring.
- Aryl group refers to an aromatic carbon ring system with one hydrogen atom removed
Chemical Reactions
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Hydration reaction involves adding water (H2O) across a double bond, forming an alcohol.
- Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
- Hydrogenation/Reduction reaction adds hydrogen (H2) to a compound, often used to convert aldehydes and ketones into alcohols.
- Dehydration reaction removes a water molecule or OH group and an H atom from adjacent carbons in an alcohol, forming a double bond.
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Jones Oxidation Test (Chromic Acid Test) differentiates primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their oxidation rates with chromic acid (H2CrO4) or sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) in the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
- Tertiary alcohols do not react with the reagent.
- Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, then further oxidized to carboxylic acids.
- Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones.
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Ferric chloride T.S. reacts with phenolic compounds, producing a characteristic color change.
- This reaction is due to the hydroxyl group directly attached to the aromatic ring in phenols, making it more reactive compared to alcohols.
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Bromine water reacts with phenolic compounds, causing decolorization.
- This reaction occurs because of the presence of the hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring.
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Lucas Reagent is a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) and anhydrous zinc chloride (ZnCl2) that is used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their reaction rates.
- Tertiary alcohols react rapidly with Lucas Reagent, leading to the formation of a cloudy mixture or precipitate.
- Secondary alcohols react slower than tertiary alcohols, taking around 5 to 20 minutes to form a cloudy mixture.
- Primary alcohols do not react with Lucas Reagent or react very slowly.
- Alcohols and phenols are immiscible with water (do not mix) except for short-chain alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and propanol) which are miscible with water.
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Phenols:
- React with both Ferric Chloride T.S. and Bromine Water
- Examples of Phenolic compounds:
- Phenol (C6H5OH)
- Cresol (CH3C6H4OH)
- Naphthalene (C10H8)
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