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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action (M of A) of Mannitol as an osmotic diuretic?
What is the primary mechanism of action (M of A) of Mannitol as an osmotic diuretic?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of furosemide?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of furosemide?
What is an appropriate clinical use of acetazolamide?
What is an appropriate clinical use of acetazolamide?
What adverse effect is associated with thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide?
What adverse effect is associated with thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide?
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Which diuretic specifically targets the loop of Henle?
Which diuretic specifically targets the loop of Henle?
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What is a potential use of mannitol as an osmotic diuretic?
What is a potential use of mannitol as an osmotic diuretic?
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Which diuretic is indicated for the treatment of metabolic alkalosis?
Which diuretic is indicated for the treatment of metabolic alkalosis?
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What is an adverse effect associated with furosemide?
What is an adverse effect associated with furosemide?
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Which of the following diuretics is a potassium-sparing diuretic?
Which of the following diuretics is a potassium-sparing diuretic?
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What is the mechanism of action for hydrochlorothiazide?
What is the mechanism of action for hydrochlorothiazide?
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Which diuretic is commonly used to prevent hypokalemia when taken with loop diuretics?
Which diuretic is commonly used to prevent hypokalemia when taken with loop diuretics?
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What condition may result from the use of acetazolamide?
What condition may result from the use of acetazolamide?
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What class of diuretics primarily acts on the loop of Henle?
What class of diuretics primarily acts on the loop of Henle?
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Which of the following is a side effect of thiazide diuretics?
Which of the following is a side effect of thiazide diuretics?
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Which diuretic can cause an increase in renal excretion of acidic drugs?
Which diuretic can cause an increase in renal excretion of acidic drugs?
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Study Notes
Osmotic Diuretics
-
Mannitol
- Freely filtered and not reabsorbed; increases osmolarity, drawing water into urine.
- Uses: Reduces cerebrospinal fluid volume; aids in excretion of toxic substances.
- Adverse effects: Can induce pulmonary edema, particularly in patients with congestive heart failure.
- Administered intravenously.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
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Acetazolamide
- Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, leading to increased bicarbonate excretion and more alkaline urine.
- Uses: Effective in treating metabolic alkalosis; creates alkaline urine for excreting acidic drugs.
- Adverse effects: Risk of inducing metabolic acidosis.
Loop Diuretics
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Furosemide
- Inhibits Na-K-2Cl transporter in the loop of Henle, decreasing sodium absorption.
- Uses: Efficiently removes edema; manages hypertension.
- Adverse effects: Can cause hypokalemia (low potassium levels), ototoxicity (hearing damage), and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Drug interactions: Increased risk of ototoxicity when combined with aminoglycosides.
Thiazide Diuretics
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Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone
- Block sodium and chloride reabsorption via NaCl cotransporter in the early distal tubule, retaining these ions in urine and attracting water.
Osmotic Diuretics
- Mannitol is freely filtered by the kidneys and not reabsorbed, increasing osmolarity to draw water into urine.
- Primary uses include reducing cerebrospinal fluid volume and facilitating the excretion of toxic substances.
- In patients with congestive heart failure, mannitol can cause pulmonary edema.
- Administration route is intravenous (I.V.).
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
- Acetazolamide inhibits carbonic anhydrase, leading to increased bicarbonate excretion and more alkaline urine.
- Useful for treating metabolic alkalosis and for creating alkaline urine to enhance urinary excretion of acidic drugs.
- Can induce metabolic acidosis as an adverse effect.
Loop Diuretics
- Furosemide functions by inhibiting the Na-K-2Cl transporter in the loop of Henle, resulting in decreased sodium absorption.
- Key applications include removing edema and treating hypertension.
- Potential adverse effects include hypokalemia, ototoxicity (ear damage), and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
- Loop diuretics may interact adversely with aminoglycosides, increasing the risk of ototoxicity.
Thiazide Diuretics
- Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide, and Chlorthalidone block the sodium-chloride cotransporter in the early distal tubule, preventing sodium and chloride reabsorption.
- They are primarily used for managing hypertension and for removing edema and ascites.
- Adverse effects include hypokalemia and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
- Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) antagonists, such as Amiloride, inhibit sodium reabsorption, which leads to reduced potassium secretion.
- These are commonly administered alongside loop or thiazide diuretics to mitigate diuretic-induced hypokalemia.
- Aldosterone receptor antagonists like Spironolactone block aldosterone receptors, counteracting elevated blood sodium levels.
- Both Amiloride and Spironolactone can cause hyperkalemia as an adverse effect.
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts related to osmotic diuretics, particularly mannitol. Learn about its mechanisms of action, uses, and potential adverse effects. Perfect for students studying pharmacology or related health sciences.
