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Questions and Answers
What is a distinguishing characteristic of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia compared to homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia compared to homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?
Which lifestyle factor is most likely to contribute to the development of secondary hypercholesterolemia?
Which lifestyle factor is most likely to contribute to the development of secondary hypercholesterolemia?
What effect does excess ingestion of cholesterol have on LDL receptors?
What effect does excess ingestion of cholesterol have on LDL receptors?
What typical lipid profile is seen in patients with diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome?
What typical lipid profile is seen in patients with diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome?
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In which of the following conditions might you find significant elevations of lipids in the bloodstream?
In which of the following conditions might you find significant elevations of lipids in the bloodstream?
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What is the primary role of lipoproteins in hyperlipidemia?
What is the primary role of lipoproteins in hyperlipidemia?
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Which factor is NOT typically associated with elevated blood lipid levels?
Which factor is NOT typically associated with elevated blood lipid levels?
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Familial hypercholesterolemia is primarily due to defects in which component?
Familial hypercholesterolemia is primarily due to defects in which component?
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Which lipoprotein is primarily responsible for transporting dietary lipids?
Which lipoprotein is primarily responsible for transporting dietary lipids?
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What is the relationship between triglyceride content and lipoprotein density?
What is the relationship between triglyceride content and lipoprotein density?
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Secondary hyperlipidemia is primarily associated with which kind of conditions?
Secondary hyperlipidemia is primarily associated with which kind of conditions?
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Which type of lipoprotein contains the highest density?
Which type of lipoprotein contains the highest density?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of hyperlipidemia?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of hyperlipidemia?
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Study Notes
Disorders of Arterial Circulation: Hyperlipidaemia
- Hyperlipidaemia is an excess of lipids in the blood.
- Lipids are classified as: triglycerides, natural fat, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
- Cholesterol and triglycerides are insoluble in blood plasma.
- They are encapsulated by a stabilizing coat of water-soluble phospholipids and proteins (apoproteins).
- This combination is known as lipoproteins.
Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins transport cholesterol and triglycerides to various tissues for energy utilization.
- They also contribute to lipid deposition, steroid hormone production, and bile acid formation.
- Lipoproteins have different densities: chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL.
- Density increases as the proportion of triglycerides decreases.
Primary Hypercholesterolemia
- Characterized by elevated cholesterol levels independent of other health problems or lifestyle behaviors.
- Often has a genetic basis:
- Defective apoprotein synthesis.
- Lack of or defective receptors.
- Defects in cholesterol handling within cells.
- Familial hypercholesterolemia (type 2A) is a genetic disorder where LDL receptors are deficient or defective.
- This leads to a marked elevation in blood cholesterol levels.
Secondary Hypercholesterolemia
- Elevated cholesterol levels linked to other health conditions and behaviors.
- Causes like obesity, high-calorie diets, diabetes mellitus are involved.
- High-calorie diets can elevate VLDL production, leading to higher triglyceride levels and increased conversion of VLDL to LDL.
- High cholesterol intake can reduce LDL receptor formation and activity.
- Other systemic disorders like hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, and obstructive liver disease may also contribute to elevated lipid levels.
- In diabetes mellitus, there is typically dyslipidemia—elevated triglycerides, lowered HDL, and minimal or modest increases in LDL.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
- Heterozygous form: plasma LDL levels between 250-500 mg/dL.
- Commonly have elevated cholesterol levels from birth, with symptom onset during adulthood
- Can develop xanthomas (fatty deposits) and atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack) can occur later in life.
- Homozygous form: plasma LDL levels can rise to 1000 mg/dL.
- More severely affected than heterozygotes.
- Cutaneous xanthomas appear in childhood.
- Myocardial infarction may occur earlier than in heterozygotes.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of hyperlipidaemia, focusing on the types of lipids such as triglycerides and cholesterol. It delves into the role of lipoproteins in lipid transport and various densities. Additionally, the quiz examines primary hypercholesterolemia and its genetic implications.
