Disease Transmission Methods
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Questions and Answers

What are examples of indirect transmission through vehicles?

  • Water and food (correct)
  • Touching and kissing
  • Blood and body secretions (correct)
  • Respiratory droplets and insect bites

    • Which of the following diseases can be transmitted via droplet transmission?

  • Tuberculosis (correct)
  • Botulism
  • Salmonella
  • HIV

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of droplets in disease transmission?

  • Are expelled during sneezing or coughing
  • Remain suspended in air for long periods (correct)
  • Contain microbes
  • Quickly settle out of the air

    • Which type of indirect transmission involves contamination through excreta?

    <p>Waterborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a vector in disease transmission?

    <p>Insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary mode of transmission for infections such as Hepatitis B and HIV?

    <p>Blood and body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism is aimed at managing organisms once they have entered the body?

    <p>Defence mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods may lead to the transmission of infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea?

    <p>Sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does saliva play in the spread of infections?

    <p>Is an ideal environment for microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way that salmonella can contaminate food?

    <p>Direct contact with saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Killer T-lymphocytes have in the immune response?

    <p>They destroy virus-infected or cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is inherited from the mother and present at birth?

    <p>Natural Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phagocytosis in the immune system?

    <p>To directly engulf and eliminate invading micro-organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes passive immunity?

    <p>It involves the injection of ready-made antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination?

    <p>Active Artificial Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insect is the most common vector for transmitting diseases?

    <p>Mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transmission is commonly linked to the ingestion of contaminated food or water?

    <p>Food and faecal-oral transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common health issue caused by soil contact?

    <p>Tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organisms prominently includes intestinal parasites?

    <p>Protozoa and bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the global burden of disease is attributed to vector-borne infections?

    <p>4.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT typically spread by mosquitos?

    <p>Tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of insects is considered efficient vectors of human parasites due to their breeding and feeding habits?

    <p>Flies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that mosquitoes transmit diseases to humans?

    <p>Through saliva during blood withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cilia play in the respiratory tract?

    <p>They trap and remove microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a part of the body's first line of defense against infection?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B lymphocytes?

    <p>To produce antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the blood brain barrier protect the central nervous system?

    <p>By acting as a physical barrier to harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of memory cells produced by B lymphocytes?

    <p>They can live for extended periods, possibly for life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary protective feature of skin against pathogens?

    <p>It has keratinized outer layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do T lymphocytes play in the immune response?

    <p>They destroy pathogens directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the immune system?

    <p>It solely relies on physical barriers for defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid is gingival crevicular fluid known for?

    <p>It functions as an antibacterial exudate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do fatty acids and salts secreted by skin glands primarily do?

    <p>Kill bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disease Transmission

    • Direct transmission occurs through physical contact (kissing, sexual contact).
    • Indirect transmission involves vehicles (air, water, food, fomites, blood, saliva) and vectors (insects).
    • Airborne transmission occurs through droplets or dust containing microbes, requiring resistance to drying. Examples include tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles.
    • Waterborne transmission, contaminating water through excreta, causes diseases like typhoid. This accounts for a significant global disease burden.
    • Vector-borne transmission, often through mosquitoes, spreads diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever.
    • Soil transmits infections like tetanus through contact with spores.
    • Food and fecal-oral transmission involves pathogens infecting the digestive system, often through contaminated food or water.
    • Fomites are inanimate objects that can transmit infection.
    • Blood and body fluids can transmit diseases like Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV through contact with mucous membranes or the bloodstream. Sexual contact also plays role.
    • Saliva, containing various microorganisms, transmits infections via direct or indirect contact.

    Preventing Disease Ingress

    • Multiple barriers prevent pathogen entry: tears, saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, stomach acid, skin, blood, sweat (fatty acids & salts), and the blood-brain barrier.
    • The mucociliary escalator in the respiratory tract traps and removes microbes.
    • Skin's keratin layer acts as a mechanical barrier. The alimentary and respiratory tracts, eyes and gingival sulcus are more susceptible due to lack of keratinization.
    • Fatty acids and salts in sweat kill bacteria.
    • Saliva contains antibacterial agents and has a lavage effect.
    • Gingival crevicular fluid provides antibacterial protection.
    • Blood flow and clotting mechanisms help prevent wound infections.
    • The blood-brain barrier protects the brain and spinal cord.

    Dealing with Disease Ingress: The Immune Response

    • The immune system recognizes and destroys foreign substances and organisms.
    • It distinguishes between the body's own tissues and antigens (foreign substances).
    • Lymphocytes (B and T cells) are key players in the immune response.
    • B lymphocytes produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) in a humoral immune response, creating memory cells for faster future responses.
    • T lymphocytes control the immune response and directly destroy antigens in cell-mediated immunity, including killer, helper, and suppressor cells.
    • Phagocytosis is an early defense mechanism where polymorphonuclear leucocytes engulf microorganisms.

    Immunity

    • Immunity is protection against infectious disease.
    • Natural immunity is present from birth.
    • Acquired immunity is developed throughout life, either through infection or vaccination.
    • Active immunity (natural or artificial) is long-lasting, acquired via infection or vaccination.
    • Passive immunity (artificial) is temporary, involving injection of ready-made antibodies.

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    Related Documents

    Transmission of Disease - Biomedical Science PDF

    Description

    Explore the various methods of disease transmission, including direct and indirect pathways. This quiz covers airborne, waterborne, vector-borne, and food transmission, along with the role of fomites and body fluids. Test your understanding of how these different transmission routes contribute to global health issues.

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