Discrete Mathematics Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following sets is NOT a subset of U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}?

{13, 7, 9}

{1, 9, 5, 13}

{5, 11, 1}

{2, 3, 4, 5} (correct)

The set of negative numbers is a universal set for the natural numbers.

False

What is the power set of A = {1, 2, 3}?

{{1, 2, 3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1}, {2}, {3}, ⊘}

The number of subsets of a set with cardinality 5 is _____

32 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their respective answers regarding subsets.

C: {1, 9, 5, 13} = Subset of U D: {5, 11, 1} = Subset of U E: {13, 7, 9, 11, 5, 3, 1} = Subset of U A: {0} = Not a subset of U B: {2, 4} = Not a subset of U Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a finite set?

Set of all colors in the rainbow Signup and view all the answers

The set R = {ace, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, jack, queen, king} is an example of an infinite set.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an infinite set?

A set whose elements cannot be listed and continues indefinitely. Signup and view all the answers

A subset of a set is represented by the symbol ______.

⊆ Signup and view all the answers

Match the set with its correct type:

N = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ..., 97} = Finite Set A = {x|x ∈ N, x > 1} = Infinite Set X = {−3, 0, 5} = Finite Set Set of all colors in the rainbow = Finite Set Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the set S = {hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades}?

A finite set Signup and view all the answers

The statement 'Z ⊆ X' is true if X = {−3, 0, 5} and Z = {0, 5}.

True Signup and view all the answers

The set containing all elements that are either male or female is known as a ______.

universal set Signup and view all the answers

Given sets A, B, and C, which operation represents the union of all three sets?

A ∪ B ∪ C Signup and view all the answers

The result of the operation 1,2,3,4,5 ∪ 1,2,4,8 ∩ 1,2,3,5,7 is equal to (1,2,3,4,5).

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a function?

A function is an assignment of exactly one element from set B to each element of set A. Signup and view all the answers

The operation for the intersection of three sets is denoted by ______.

∩ Signup and view all the answers

Match the following set operations with their definitions:

A ∪ B = Combining all unique elements from both sets A ∩ B = Elements common to both sets A x B = The Cartesian product of sets A and B A ⊘ = The empty set Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $loor{-3.2}$?

-4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $loor{1.5}$?

1 Signup and view all the answers

$loor{-1.4} = -1$ is true.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $loor{2}$?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $loor{-2.7}$?

-3 Signup and view all the answers

The value of $loor{x}$ is ________ if x is an integer.

x Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions with their outputs:

$loor{1.1}$ = 1 $loor{-1.1}$ = -2 $loor{3.9}$ = 3 $loor{0}$ = 0 Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $ ext{ceil}(1.5)$?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the Cartesian product {1, 2} x {red, white}?

{(1, red), (1, white), (2, red), (2, white)} Signup and view all the answers

The union of sets S = {1, 2, 3} and T = {1, 3, 5} is {1, 2, 3, 5}.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the intersection of sets A = {2, 4, 8, 16} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}?

{8, 16} Signup and view all the answers

The complement of the even integers is the _______________.

odd integers Signup and view all the answers

Match the sets with their respective operations:

S = {1, 2, 3}, T = {1, 3, 5} = S ∪ T U = {2, 3, 4, 5}, S = {1, 2, 3} = S ∩ U A = {2, 4, 8, 16}, B = {6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} = A ∩ B A = {10}, B = {10, 40, 60} = A ∪ B Signup and view all the answers

If A = {10} and B = {10, 40, 60}, what is the result of A ∩ B?

{10} Signup and view all the answers

If S = {1, 2, 3} is a subset of T = {1, 3, 5}, then S ⊂ T.

False Signup and view all the answers

In a group of 100 persons, if 72 can speak English and 43 can speak French, how many can speak both English and French if 50 speak only English?

22 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the union of sets A, B, and C?

A ∪ B ∪ C Signup and view all the answers

The operation A ∩ B ∩ C represents all elements that are in either A, B, or C.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the operation A ∪ (B ∩ C)?

A combined with the intersection of B and C Signup and view all the answers

The empty set is denoted by ______.

∅ Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symbols with their meanings:

∪ = Union ∩ = Intersection ⊘ = Empty set × = Cartesian product Signup and view all the answers

Which set represents all types of matter?

{liquids, solids, gases, plasmas} Signup and view all the answers

The set R = {ace, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, jack, queen, king} is an infinite set.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a finite set?

The set of all colors in the rainbow. Signup and view all the answers

The symbol used to denote the empty set is __________.

⊘ Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sets with their descriptions:

set R = A set of playing cards set S = A set of card suits set T = A set of additional cards set U = A set of all possible mineral elements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a subset?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

A set with elements that cannot be listed is called a finite set.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a universal set?

The set that contains all possible elements under consideration. Signup and view all the answers

What is a function called that is both one-to-one and onto?

Bijective Signup and view all the answers

A function can be surjective without being injective.

True Signup and view all the answers

Define a surjective function.

A function whose range is equal to its codomain. Signup and view all the answers

A function that maps a set A onto a set B is known as a __________ function.

surjective Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Injective = A function where each element of the domain maps to a unique element of the codomain Surjective = A function where every element of the codomain is mapped by the domain Bijective = A function that is both injective and surjective Neither = A function that fails to meet the criteria for injective or surjective Signup and view all the answers

If a function is injective but not surjective, it means:

Not all elements in the codomain have a mapping from the domain. Signup and view all the answers

An injective function must have a range that is the same as its codomain.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between injective and surjective functions?

Injective functions require unique outputs for each input, while surjective functions require that every output in the codomain has at least one input. Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $\lfloor -3.2 \rfloor$?

-4 Signup and view all the answers

The value of $\lceil 1.5 \rceil$ is 1.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of $\lfloor -1.4 \rfloor$?

-2 Signup and view all the answers

The ceiling of a number $x$ is denoted as $\lceil x \rceil$. Thus, $\lceil 2 \rceil$ equals _______.

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $\lceil 1.5 \rceil$?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $\lfloor 1.5 \rfloor$?

1 Signup and view all the answers

If $x = -3$, what is the value of $\lfloor x \rfloor$?

-3 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following numbers with their ceiling values:

1.4 = 2 -1.2 = -1 3.0 = 3 -0.5 = 0 Signup and view all the answers

What is a finite sequence?

A sequence that has a defined last number Signup and view all the answers

An infinite sequence has a last term.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the common ratio of the geometric sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32?

2 Signup and view all the answers

In an arithmetic progression, if the first term is 11 and the common difference is -4, the second term would be ______.

7 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sequences with their types:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16 = Geometric Sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 = Arithmetic Sequence 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 = Infinite Sequence 5, 10, 15, 20 = Finite Sequence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an arithmetic sequence?

The difference between consecutive terms is constant Signup and view all the answers

A sequence is classified as infinite if there is at least one last number.

False Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of an infinite sequence.

1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, ... Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the elements of set A in a function f: A → B?

Each element must map to one and only one element in B. Signup and view all the answers

A function can have multiple elements in set A mapping to a single element in set B.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a mapping from set A to set B in a function?

f: A → B Signup and view all the answers

Each element of set B may be mapped to by several elements in set A or not at all, reflecting that set B can contain __________.

unused elements Signup and view all the answers

Match the following graphical representations to their descriptions:

Venn diagrams = Illustrate the relationships between different sets Graph = Provide a visual representation of functions Plot = Show specific points on a coordinate system Function diagram = Depicts a mapping from A to B Signup and view all the answers

What type of correspondence is a function that is both one-to-one and onto?

Bijective (both one-to-one and onto) Signup and view all the answers

A bijection has an inverse that is also a function.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of the function $f(x) = ext{floor}(1.8)$?

1 Signup and view all the answers

The function $f(x) = ext{ceil}(x)$ returns the smallest integer __________ x.

greater than or equal to Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions with their descriptions:

Floor = Largest integer less than or equal to x Ceiling = Smallest integer greater than or equal to x Bijective = Function that is both one-to-one and onto Injective = Function that is one-to-one Signup and view all the answers

If $f: A o B$ is a bijection, which property does it satisfy?

Each element in A maps to one unique element in B Signup and view all the answers

The function $ ext{ceil}(-2.3)$ equals -2.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $f(x) = ext{floor}(-3.5)$?

-4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

0 is an element of the empty set. Signup and view all the answers

The complement of a set A consists of all elements in the universal set that are not in A.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the Cartesian product of sets A = {1, 2} and B = {red, white}?

A x B = {(1, red), (1, white), (2, red), (2, white)} Signup and view all the answers

If A = {10} and B = {10, 40, 60}, then A ∩ B = __________.

{10} Signup and view all the answers

Match the following set operations with their definitions:

Union = Combining all elements from both sets, removing duplicates Intersection = Elements that are common in both sets Subset = A set contained entirely within another set Complement = Elements in the universal set but not in the specified set Signup and view all the answers

The statement 4, 2, 3 = 2, 3, 4 is TRUE.

True Signup and view all the answers

The set containing no elements is called the __________.

empty set Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an element of the set {d, e, f, a}?

d Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the union of sets A = {2, 4, 8, 16} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}?

{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} Signup and view all the answers

The complement of the set of even integers includes all odd integers.

True Signup and view all the answers

If U = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60} and A = {10}, what is A'?

{20, 30, 40, 50, 60} Signup and view all the answers

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4}, then A ∩ B = ________________.

{2, 3} Signup and view all the answers

Match the set operations with their corresponding results:

A ∪ B = {10, 40, 60} A ∩ B = {10} A ∪ B' = {20, 30, 40, 50, 60} A' ∩ B = {40, 60} Signup and view all the answers

Given the sets S = {1, 2, 3} and T = {1, 3, 5}, what is S ∪ T?

{1, 2, 3, 5} Signup and view all the answers

The intersection of two sets can only be an empty set.

False Signup and view all the answers

In a group of 100 people, if 72 can speak English and 43 can speak French, how many can speak both languages if 50 speak only English?

22 Signup and view all the answers

What operations replace addition and multiplication when performing the Boolean product of matrices?

Logical OR and Logical AND Signup and view all the answers

The Boolean product of two matrices will yield a matrix that contains only 0s and 1s.

True Signup and view all the answers

Describe the steps to find the inverse of a 2x2 matrix.

Exchange the elements of the main diagonal, change the sign of the elements off the main diagonal, and divide by the determinant. Signup and view all the answers

In Boolean algebra, the operation ∨ represents __________.

logical OR Signup and view all the answers

Match the following matrix operations with their definitions:

Boolean product = Matrix multiplication using OR and AND Matrix inverse = Transformation that produces a matrix multiplied by the original to yield the identity matrix Element exchange = Swapping diagonal elements of a square matrix Determinant = A scalar value that is a function of the entries of a square matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the operation

Calculating the sum of matrices Signup and view all the answers

The inverse of a matrix is only defined for square matrices.

True Signup and view all the answers

The two operations used in Boolean algebra are and .

meet, join Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about functions is true?

Each element of A has a unique mapping to an element in B. Signup and view all the answers

In a function, elements of set B can be mapped to by multiple elements of set A.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a function in the context of set theory?

A function is a relation that assigns each element from one set to exactly one element in another set. Signup and view all the answers

Each element of A must have a single _______ in set B.

mapping Signup and view all the answers

Match the following graphical representations with their descriptions:

Venn diagrams = Show relationships between sets Graph = Represent functions visually Plot = Specific points on a graph Function = A mapping from one set to another Signup and view all the answers

Which set represents a collection of cards?

{hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades} Signup and view all the answers

The set of all colors in the rainbow is an example of a finite set.

True Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of an infinite set.

Set of all points in a plane Signup and view all the answers

A set whose elements cannot be listed is called an __________ set.

infinite Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the intersection of three sets A, B, and C?

A ∩ B ∩ C Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sets with their descriptions:

R = Set of playing cards S = Set of suits in a deck T = Set containing jokers U = Set of all types of matter Signup and view all the answers

The statement '1,2,3,4,5 ∪ 1,2,4,8 ∩ 1,2,3,5,7 = (1,2,3,5)' is true.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a subset?

A set containing some or all elements of another set. Signup and view all the answers

The set Z = {0, 5} is equal to the set X = {-3, 0, 5}.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation A x B represent?

Cartesian product of sets A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a finite set?

A set that contains a definite number of elements. Signup and view all the answers

The operation for the union of sets is denoted by __________.

∪ Signup and view all the answers

Match the following set operations with their definitions:

A ∪ B = Elements in A or B or both A ∩ B = Elements common to both A and B A - B = Elements in A that are not in B A x B = All ordered pairs from A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the common ratio of the geometric sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ...?

2 Signup and view all the answers

A finite sequence has no last number.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the common difference in the arithmetic sequence 11, 7, 3, -1, -5, -9?

4 Signup and view all the answers

An infinite sequence can be represented with three dots, indicating ______.

no last number Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of sequence with its example:

Geometric Sequence = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ... Arithmetic Sequence = 11, 7, 3, -1, -5, -9 Finite Sequence = 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14 Infinite Sequence = 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, ... Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an infinite sequence?

It consists of numbers that continue indefinitely. Signup and view all the answers

In the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, all the terms are even numbers.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the 20th element of the arithmetic sequence where the first term is 14 and the common difference is -5?

-81 Signup and view all the answers

The summation of the series 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 can be written as Σ(2j - 1) for j = 1 to 5.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of the sequence represented by the sigma notation Σ(2j) for j = 1 to 7?

56 Signup and view all the answers

The common difference (d) in the arithmetic sequence where the first term (𝑎₁) is 14 and the second term is 9 is _____

-5 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following series with their respective sigma notation:

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = Σ(2j) for j=1 to 6 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = Σ(2j - 1) for j=1 to 5 x - x + x - x + ... = Σ(-1)^(j-1) x^(2j) for j=1 to n Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sets

R includes the standard playing cards: {ace, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, jack, queen, king}.
S represents the four suits in a deck of cards: {hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades}.
T denotes the jokers in a card deck: {jokers}.
X reflects types of matter: {iron, aluminum, nickel, copper, gold, silver}.
Y consists of elements: {hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide}.
Z categorizes matter phases: {liquids, solids, gases, plasmas}.
Universal set encompasses all elements relevant to a particular discussion or study.
An empty set is a set with no elements, denoted as ∅.

Set Concepts

Finite Set: Contains a specific number of elements, e.g., colors in a rainbow or a set defined by {x|x ∈ N, x < 7}.
Infinite Set: Contains elements that can’t be listed exhaustively, e.g., points in a plane or {x|x ∈ N, x > 1}.
Power Set: The set of all subsets of a set including the empty set.

Subsets

Z ⊆ X, meaning Z is a subset of X.
A subset may include the empty set and the set itself.
For example, if U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}, then specific subsets can be identified from given sets.

Set Operations

Union (∪): Combines elements from two or more sets without duplication.
Intersection (∩): Contains elements common to both sets.
Complement: Set of elements not present in a specified set, relative to the universal set.
Example of basic operations:
- For sets S = {1, 2, 3} and T = {1, 3, 5}, calculate S ∪ T, S ∩ T, etc.

Cartesian Product

Defined as the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is from set A and b is from set B.
For A = {1, 2} and B = {red, white}, the Cartesian product is {(1, red), (1, white), (2, red), (2, white)}.

Practical Examples

In a group of 100 individuals: 72 speak English; 43 speak French. Use set theory to deduce how many speak each language exclusively or both.
Questions on subsets and universal sets involving even/odd natural numbers or integers.

Functions

Defined as a mapping from set A to set B where each element from A is assigned exactly one element in B.
Floor function (⌊x⌋) returns the largest integer less than or equal to x; ceiling function (⌈x⌉) returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

Sample Problems

Determining values through floor and ceiling functions:
- ⌊-3.2⌋ = -4
- ⌊1.5⌋ = 1
- ⌈1.5⌉ = 2
- ⌈2⌉ = 2

Important Notes

Review definitions surrounding basic structures in discrete mathematics: sets, functions, sequences, and summations, to prepare for advanced concepts.
Regular practice solving set operation problems and understanding their implications in real-world scenarios.

Sets and Their Types

R represents a standard playing card deck, including cards from ace to king.
S indicates the four suits in a deck: hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades.
T refers to the inclusion of jokers as a special category in card games.
Finite sets contain a definite number of elements, while infinite sets have unlimited or non-listable elements.

Classification of Matter

X includes metals like iron, aluminum, and gold.
Y consists of elements such as hydrogen and oxygen.
Z categorizes matter types into liquids, solids, gases, and plasmas.

Set Concepts

Universal Set: The set that contains all possible elements.
Empty Set: A set with no elements, denoted as ⊘.
Set Equality: Two sets are equal if they have the same elements.
Subsets: A set A is a subset of set B if all elements of A are contained in B.

Identifying Finite and Infinite Sets

Examples of finite sets include the set of all colors in a rainbow or the set of prime numbers less than 100.
Infinite sets include the set of all points in a plane or the natural numbers greater than 1.

Function Definitions

A function f from set A to set B assigns exactly one element from B to each element from A, expressed as f: A → B.

Types of Functions

Injections: Functions that are one-to-one (no two elements in A map to the same element in B).
Surjections: Functions where every element of B is covered (onto).
Bijections: Functions that are both injective and surjective; they establish a one-to-one correspondence between sets A and B.

Sequences

Finite Sequences: These have a last number, e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14.
Infinite Sequences: These extend indefinitely, e.g., 1, 1/2, 1/3, and so on.
Geometric Progression: A sequence where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous term by a constant (common ratio).
Arithmetic Progression: A sequence where each term after the first is found by adding a constant (common difference) to the previous term.

Practical Problems and Analysis

Exercises often involve determining relationships between sets using Venn diagrams or identifying properties like union (∪) and intersection (∩).
Basic problems might include evaluating the value of floor and ceiling functions based on real numbers.

Application of Concepts

Understanding the concepts of sets, functions, and sequences is fundamental in discrete mathematics, providing tools for analyzing mathematical structures and relationships.

Set Relationships and Definitions

A quadrilateral is a type of polygon.
Whole numbers do not include negative integers, thus are not a subset of natural numbers.
An element can be a member of a set, e.g., {a} is an element of {d, e, f, a}.
Natural numbers are contained within whole numbers.
Natural numbers also fall under integers.
The empty set (denoted ⊘) does not contain any elements.
The empty set itself is not an element of the set {1, 2, 3}.

Truth Evaluation of Statements

For statements involving set membership and subsets, validity must be assessed.
4 lies within the set of {2, 3, 4} is TRUE.
5 is NOT in {2, 3, 4} is TRUE.
Sets {4, 2, 3} and {2, 3, 4} are equivalent is FALSE.
2, 3, 4 is a subset of {4, 2, 3} is TRUE.
The empty set (⊘) is a subset of any set, e.g., ⊘ ⊂ {2, 3, 4} is TRUE.
The empty set cannot be an element of any set that contains only numbers like {1, 2, 3}, hence ⊘ ∈ {1, 2, 3} is FALSE.

Sets Operations

The universal set (U) contains all elements under consideration.
The complement of a set A (denoted A’) includes elements in U not found in A.
Cartesian products associate each element of one set to every element in another set, forming ordered pairs.
For example, {1, 2} x {red, white} results in { (1, red), (1, white), (2, red), (2, white) }.

Real Set Operations Examples

Given sets S = {1, 2, 3}, T = {1, 3, 5}, and U = {2, 3, 4, 5}, operations may include:
- S ∪ T refers to the union of S and T.
- S ∩ T refers to the intersection of S and T.
The complement in a context such as the set of even integers identifies the odd integers.

Set Evaluation

For sets A = {2, 4, 8, 16} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} with U = {positive even integers}:
- A ∪ B represents the union.
- A ∩ B represents the intersection.
A is not a subset of B is assessed through element evaluation.

Functions and Their Properties

Functions can be portrayed through graphical representations, such as Venn diagrams and plots.
A function's inverse exists for bijective functions, satisfying f⁻¹(f(a)) = a.
Notable functions include the floor function (⌊x⌋) and ceiling function (⌈x⌉), which retrieve the largest integer less than or equal to x and the smallest integer greater than or equal to x, respectively.

Zero-One Matrices

The Boolean product of matrices changes the operations from traditional addition and multiplication to logical operations (OR, AND).
Each matrix operation aligns with set and logical theory principles, enhancing understanding of relationships in discrete mathematics.

Practice and Exercises

Exercises involve computing matrix sums and products.
Inverse calculations of 2x2 matrices include swapping diagonal elements and adjusting off-diagonal signs based on determinant values.

Basic Structures in Discrete Mathematics

Sets: A well-defined collection of distinct objects.
Universal Set: Contains all elements of interest in a particular discussion.
Empty Set: A set with no elements, represented as ∅.

Types of Sets

Finite Set: Contains a definite number of elements, e.g., the set of colors in a rainbow.
Infinite Set: Contains elements that cannot be completely listed, e.g., set of all points in a plane.

Set Operations

Union (∪): Combines all elements of two or more sets, removing duplicates.
Intersection (∩): Contains only elements common to all sets involved.
Subset (⊆): A set A is a subset of B if all elements of A are in B.
Set Equality: Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements.

Functions

A function f from set A to set B (f: A → B) assigns exactly one element in B for each element in A.
Visual representations of functions include mappings, graphs, and Venn diagrams.

Sequences

Finite Sequence: A sequence with a last element, e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8.
Infinite Sequence: A sequence without a last element, denoted with ellipses (…), e.g., 1, 0.5, 0.33, …

Types of Sequences

Arithmetic Sequence: A sequence with a constant difference between consecutive terms, e.g., 11, 7, 3, -1.
Geometric Sequence: A sequence with a constant ratio between consecutive terms, e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, where the common ratio r = 2.

Summations

Summations are represented using sigma notation (Σ) for compact expression of sums.
Examples include sums of even numbers and odd numbers expressed in terms of their formulas.

Exercises and Practice

Engage with exercises on Venn diagrams for union and intersection.
Solve inequalities and evaluate set operations to deepen understanding.
Write sums using sigma notation and find their expanded forms for practice.

Key Terminology

Element: An individual object within a set.
Mapping: The process of associating elements from one set to elements in another set through a function.
Common Ratio: In a geometric sequence, the factor by which each term is multiplied to obtain the next term.
Common Difference: In an arithmetic sequence, the constant value added to each term to get the next term.

These notes encapsulate the foundational concepts of sets, functions, sequences, and summations in discrete mathematics, providing a comprehensive overview of important definitions and examples.

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Test your understanding of sets in discrete mathematics with this quiz! You'll explore examples of card representations and test your knowledge on identifying various elements within defined sets. Ideal for students in EMath 1105.

Discrete Mathematics Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following sets is NOT a subset of U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}?

The set of negative numbers is a universal set for the natural numbers.

What is the power set of A = {1, 2, 3}?

The number of subsets of a set with cardinality 5 is _____

Match the following conditions with their respective answers regarding subsets.

Which of the following represents a finite set?

The set R = {ace, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, jack, queen, king} is an example of an infinite set.

What is the definition of an infinite set?

A subset of a set is represented by the symbol ______.

Match the set with its correct type:

Which option best describes the set S = {hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades}?

The statement 'Z ⊆ X' is true if X = {−3, 0, 5} and Z = {0, 5}.

The set containing all elements that are either male or female is known as a ______.

Given sets A, B, and C, which operation represents the union of all three sets?

The result of the operation 1,2,3,4,5 ∪ 1,2,4,8 ∩ 1,2,3,5,7 is equal to (1,2,3,4,5).

What is the definition of a function?

The operation for the intersection of three sets is denoted by ______.

Match the following set operations with their definitions:

What is the value of $ loor{-3.2}$?

What is the value of $ loor{1.5}$?

$ loor{-1.4} = -1$ is true.

What is the value of $ loor{2}$?

What is the value of $ loor{-2.7}$?

The value of $ loor{x}$ is ________ if x is an integer.

Match the following functions with their outputs:

What is the value of $ ext{ceil}(1.5)$?

What is the result of the Cartesian product {1, 2} x {red, white}?

The union of sets S = {1, 2, 3} and T = {1, 3, 5} is {1, 2, 3, 5}.

What is the intersection of sets A = {2, 4, 8, 16} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}?

The complement of the even integers is the _______________.

Match the sets with their respective operations:

If A = {10} and B = {10, 40, 60}, what is the result of A ∩ B?

If S = {1, 2, 3} is a subset of T = {1, 3, 5}, then S ⊂ T.

In a group of 100 persons, if 72 can speak English and 43 can speak French, how many can speak both English and French if 50 speak only English?

Which of the following represents the union of sets A, B, and C?

The operation A ∩ B ∩ C represents all elements that are in either A, B, or C.

What is the result of the operation A ∪ (B ∩ C)?

The empty set is denoted by ______.

Match the following symbols with their meanings:

Which set represents all types of matter?

The set R = {ace, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, jack, queen, king} is an infinite set.

What is an example of a finite set?

The symbol used to denote the empty set is __________.

Match the following sets with their descriptions:

Which of the following is classified as a subset?

A set with elements that cannot be listed is called a finite set.

What is the definition of a universal set?

What is a function called that is both one-to-one and onto?

A function can be surjective without being injective.

Define a surjective function.

A function that maps a set A onto a set B is known as a __________ function.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

If a function is injective but not surjective, it means:

An injective function must have a range that is the same as its codomain.

What is the relationship between injective and surjective functions?

What is the value of $\lfloor -3.2 \rfloor$?

The value of $\lceil 1.5 \rceil$ is 1.

What is the result of $\lfloor -1.4 \rfloor$?

The ceiling of a number $x$ is denoted as $\lceil x \rceil$. Thus, $\lceil 2 \rceil$ equals _______.

What is the value of $\lceil 1.5 \rceil$?

What is the value of $\lfloor 1.5 \rfloor$?

If $x = -3$, what is the value of $\lfloor x \rfloor$?

Match the following numbers with their ceiling values:

What is a finite sequence?

An infinite sequence has a last term.

What is the common ratio of the geometric sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32?

In an arithmetic progression, if the first term is 11 and the common difference is -4, the second term would be ______.

Match the following sequences with their types:

Which of the following describes an arithmetic sequence?

A sequence is classified as infinite if there is at least one last number.

Provide an example of an infinite sequence.

What is true about the elements of set A in a function f: A → B?

A function can have multiple elements in set A mapping to a single element in set B.

What is the term used for a mapping from set A to set B in a function?

Each element of set B may be mapped to by several elements in set A or not at all, reflecting that set B can contain __________.

Match the following graphical representations to their descriptions:

What type of correspondence is a function that is both one-to-one and onto?

A bijection has an inverse that is also a function.

What is the value of $loor{-3.2}$?

What is the value of $loor{1.5}$?

$loor{-1.4} = -1$ is true.

What is the value of $loor{2}$?

What is the value of $loor{-2.7}$?

The value of $loor{x}$ is ________ if x is an integer.

The two operations used in Boolean algebra are and .