Disaster Risk Management and Sendai Framework

Sendai Framework Compounds

• Four key compounds of the Sendai Framework:
  • Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk.
  • Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience.
  • Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response embodying the "Build Back Better" principle of recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.

Disaster Risk Management

• Cultural Heritage Protection: Special protocols safeguard Italy's historical and cultural sites from disaster risks.
• Emergency Protocols: Agencies follow defined procedures for rapid, coordinated responses to minimize confusion and duplication of efforts.
• Public Awareness: Promotes education, campaigns, and information sharing to prepare citizens for disasters.

Other Disaster Risk Reduction Measures

• Volunteer Frameworks: Regulate roles of volunteer organizations in disaster response and coordination with government agencies.
• Flood Risk Plans: Involve creating flood risk assessments and strategies to mitigate damage.
• Building Codes: Enforce construction standards to ensure earthquake resistance and safety from flooding.
• Climate Adaptation Plans: Develop strategies to address risks from extreme events caused by climate change.
• Early Warning Systems: Mandate the development of advanced warning systems for hazards like floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
• Fire Prevention Laws: Establish safety standards and guidelines to reduce fire risks in urban and rural areas.
• Health Emergency Plans: Prepare countries for public health crises like pandemics or biological hazards.

Disaster Drill Practices

• Alarm Phase: Sound the alarm to signal a disaster's occurrence or impending sign.
• Response Phase: Mobilization of units to respond to disasters.
• Evacuation Phase: Facilitating the safe and efficient evacuation of community stakeholders.
• Assembly Phase: Assembling people at the evacuation site in an orderly manner.
• Headcount Phase: Tallying of names and participation.
• Evaluation Phase: Assessment before and after the drill.

Emergency Survival Kit

• Personal Hygiene and Sanitation:
  • 5-gallon bucket with toilet seat lid
  • Toilet paper roll
  • Wet wipes
  • Hand sanitizer
  • Toilet bags with chemicals
  • Plastic sheeting and tape for privacy.
• Water and Food Supplies:
  • Water bottles or pouches
  • Water purification tablets
  • Nutritional bars / snacks
• Light and Communication:
  • Emergency light/sticker signal
  • Survival whistle
  • Flashlight equipped with phone charger
  • Siren/radio
• Entertainment:
  • Playing cards, board games, etc.
• First Aid:
  • Dressings
  • Medical tape
  • Gauze and trauma pads
  • Instant cold packs
  • Rubbing alcohol/antiseptic wipes
  • Cotton swabs
  • Latex-free gloves

Community Empowerment and Development

• Empowering: Series of training and programs to bolster community capacities.
• Development: Adapts to global change ensuring member growth.

Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM)

• Principles of CBDRM:
  • Participatory process, Responsive, Integrated, Proactive, Comprehensive, and Multisectoral.
• Elements of CBDRM:
  • People's participation.
  • Priority Sectors (community specific, existing coping mechanisms, reduce vulnerabilities and build resilient communities).
  • Government/NGO roles.

Disaster Risk Reduction Phases

• Preparedness: Ongoing process allowing individuals, communities, businesses, and organizations to plan and train for disasters (e.g., fire drills, evacuation rehearsals).
• Response: Actions taken after a disaster occurs, addressing ongoing hazards and removing affected individuals from the area (short-term and long-term).
• Recovery: Helping individuals and communities return to normal life from the disaster's impact (can take years to decades).

Key Concepts of Disaster Risk Reduction

• Prevention: Measures put into place to minimize disaster risk.
• Mitigation: Minimizing loss of human life from disasters through non-structural and structural measures.

Post-Disaster Actions

• Call for local emergency services: Provide first aid and notify friends/family.
• Transfer injured people/animals to hospitals.

Fire Safety Measures

• Smoke alarms: Install, test, and maintain.
• Family communication: Establish emergency communication plans.
• Evacuation practices: Familiarize oneself regarding escape routes or fire drill exercises.
• Fire extinguishers: Understand different classes of fires (A, B, C, D, E, F). (A=solids, B=liquids, C=electricity, D=metals, E=electricals, F=Cooking oils).
• Fire safety guidelines: Avoid smoking in bed, use waste baskets for discarding cigarette butts, prevent contact between flammable materials and open flames, check electrical fittings regularly.
• Fire Classification:
  • Class A: Involves solid materials like wood, paper, textiles.
  • Class B: Involves flammable liquids like petrol, diesel, or oils.

Stages of Fire

• Stage 1 (Ignition): Easiest stage to control—start of the fire.
• Stage 2 (Growth): Difficult to control, fire's power grows due to surrounding oxygen.
• Stage 3 (Flashover): All combustible materials in the area ignite.
• Stage 4 (Decay): Fire's intensity decreases as fuel is depleted, and ultimately returns to its initial phase.

Fire Hazards

• Fire Triangle: Three essential elements needed for a fire: fuel, heat, and oxygen.