Disaster Risk Management PDF

# The 4 Compounds of Sendai Framework - Understanding Disaster Risk - Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster Risk - Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience - Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response to embody the "Build Back Better" Principle is recovery...

# The 4 Compounds of Sendai Framework - Understanding Disaster Risk - Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster Risk - Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience - Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response to embody the "Build Back Better" Principle is recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction # Cultural Heritage Protection - Safeguards Italy’s historical and cultural sites from Disaster Risk - Special Protocols are in place to protect these landmarks during emergencies. # Emergency Protocols - Defines procedures for agencies to follow during disasters to ensure rapid, coordinated response. - Minimize confusion and duplication of efforts in emergencies. # Public Awareness Law - Promotes education and campaigns and information sharing to prepare citizens for disasters. ## Volunteer Frameworks - Regulates the role of volunteer organizations in disaster response, coordination with government agencies. ## Flood Risk Plans - Requires the creation of flood risk assessment and strategies to mitigate damage. ## Building Codes - Enforce construction standards to ensure structures are earthquake-resistant and safe from flooding. ## Climate Adaptation Plan - Develops strategies to address risks from extreme events caused by climate change. ## Early Warning System - Mandates the development of advanced warning systems for hazards like floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. ## Fire Prevention Laws - Establishes safety standards and guidelines to reduce fire risks in urban and rural areas. ## Health Emergency Plans - Prepares a country for public health crises like pandemics or biological hazards. # What Are the Actual Drill Practices? - **Alarm Phase:** Sound the alarm to signal the occurrence or impending sign of a disaster. - **Response Phase:** It is the mobilization of units to respond to disasters. - **Evacuation Phase:** The DRRM officials and supporting staff should facilitate the safe and efficient evacuation of the stakeholders in the community. - **Assembly Phase:** People should be assembled at the evacuation site in an orderly manner that aids the head count. - **Headcount Phase:** Involves the tallying of names and participation. - **Evaluation:** This is the timing before and after the drill is practices. # School-Based Classroom Emergency Survival Kit (Adapted from Schools 2019) ## Personal Hygiene and Sanitation - 5-gallon bucket with a toilet seat lid - Toilet paper roll - Wet wipes - Hand Sanitizer - Toilet bags with chemicals - Tarpaulin and duct tape to create privacy ## Food and Water - Water bottles or pouches - Water purification tablets - Nutrition bars ## Light and Communication - Emergency light / sticker signals - Survival whistle - Flashlight equipped with phone charger, siren, and radio. - Stressed proofed items: Playing cards, portable board games, etc. ## First Aid - Bandages of various sizes and applications - Medical tape - Gauze and trauma pads - Instant cold packs - Rubbing alcohol or antiseptic wipes - Cotton swabs - Latex-free gloves # Empowering- A series of training and programs are going to strengthen the capacities of the community. # Development - It adapts to the world’s changes and ensures that each member is aided towards growth. # Community-Based Disaster Risk Management ## Standard of CBDRM - People’s Participation - Priority Sectors - Community Specific. - Existing coping mechanisms and capacities - Reduce vulnerabilities and build resilient communities - People’s contribution - Role of governments and NGOs ## Principles of CBDM - Participatory process and content-Participation of every person from every sector in the community is necessary. - Responsive- Disaster risks are acknowledged, and an appropriate response for every possible hazard is always in place. - Integrated- Present, past, pre-disaster measures are planned and implemented. - Proactive-A culture of having the initiative to think about safety and resilience for everyone. - Comprehensive- Recognize and address everyone’s strengths and weaknesses. - Mutlisectoral and Multidisciplinary- The goal is to keep everyone safe and resilient towards disaster risk. # 5 Phases of Disaster Risk Management (DRRM) - **Preparedness:** It is an ongoing process in which individuals, communities, businesses and organizations can plan and train for what they will do in the event of a disaster. Fire drills and evacuation rehearsals. - **Response:** Response is what happens *after* the disaster occurs. It involves both short and long-term responses. During this stage, any ongoing hazards are removed from the area. - **Recovery:** The 5th Stage, This can take years or decades. Ultimately, this stage is helping individuals or communities return to a normal life. - **Prevention:** This stage in the cycle involves putting permanent measures into place that can help minimize disaster risk. - **Mitigation:** It aims to minimize the loss of human life that would result from a disaster. There are two types: - **Structural measures:** You need to take these safety measures *before* the construction of the house. (Emergency stairs). - **Non structural measures:** Such measures you need to plan *before* the construction of the house. (Category 5 wind). # After a Disaster - Call the local emergency outline, givethe first aid where needed, cool and cover burn to reduce the chance of further injury or infection. - Let friends and family know you are safe. - Seriously injured people/animals should be transferred into the hospital. # Before, After and During an Emergency ## Before - Install good no. of smoke alarms, test them once a month and change the batteries. - Teach children what smoke alarms sound like and what to do when they hear one. - Establish a family communications for emergency situations. - Practice escaping from your house, at least twice in a year. ## During - Remember to get but stay out and call the local emergency phone number and national emergency hotlines. - If you are live in a building, use fire exit stairs, leave all your things where they are and save yourself. - If door closed doors or handles are warm or smoke blocks your primary escape route, use your second way out. Never open the other doors. - Once your door is outside, go to your meeting place, and then send one person to call the fire department. - In a situation where you are on fire, or any part of your clothing is on fire, the basic protocol to perform is: - *Stop* - what you are doing. - *Drop* - to the ground and cover your face, if you can. - *Roll* - over and over, or back and forth until the flames go out. *Don’t run,* it will increase the fire. # Basic Fire Emergency Response ## Fire Extinguishers - **Pull:** Remove the pin from the extinguisher so you may properly unlock it and squeeze the level. - **Aim:** at the nozzle properly, toward the bottom of the fire, which is usually the fuel source. - **Squeeze:** The level when aim is set and the extinguisher is unlocked. This is the time to release the compound to the fire. - **Sweep:** Make sure there is enough distance to sweep from side to side, while aiming at the fuel source. Adjust the position if necessary. ## The four ways to put out a fire. - Cool the burning material. - Exclude Oxygen. - Remove the fuel. - Break the chemical reaction. ## Fire Classes - **Class C Fire:** Involves gases. - **Class D Fire:** Involves Metals. - **Class E Fire:** Involves electrical apparatus. - **Class F Fire:** Involves cooking oils. # Guidelines to Prevent Fire Incidents - Do not smoke in the bed. - Crush cigarette butts thoroughly before discarding them. - Do not throw cigarettes into waste baskets. - Keep lighted candles, oil or gas lamps away from the curtains and other objects that easily catch fire. - Do not store any flammable liquids in the kitchen. - Check your electrical installation regularly, change damaged wirings, sockets, etc. - Do not overload your electrical circuits. # Summary of Classes of Fire and the Appropriate Symbol - **Class A Fire:** Involves solid materials such as wood, paper, textiles. - **Class B Fire:** Flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel, or oils. # Stages of Fire - **Stage 1: Ignition:** It is the easiest to eradicate (remove) and serves as the starting point of the fire. It would cost the least amount of damage. Fire extinguishers within the area most quickly used to prevent it from going to stage 2. - **Stage 2: Growth:** The fire becomes increasingly difficult to control due to growing power from the surrounding oxygen. - **Stage 3: Fully Developed:** It is the hardest to control. The fire has reached maximum temperature, at this point. Responders must extinguish the fire at this point or it would cause the maximum damage. - **Stage 4: Decay:** A decreasing decrease in the fire’s *intensity* is a signal of decay. This usually occurs when the area’s fuel source is already depleted and there is nothing else to burn. Fire returns to its initial stage. # Fire Hazards ## Elements of a Fire Triangle - **Fuel:** A source to burn. - **Heat:** A source to make the fuel burn. - **Oxygen:** Most abundant in the air These elements will not create a fire without a chemical reaction called *combustion* . It will not occur without oxygen, like in the same way, without fuel, or without heat. ## Stages of Fire - **Stage 1: Non-flaming (Developing Fire)** - **Stage 2: Well Ventilated Flaming** - **Stage 3: Fully Developed** - **Stage 4: Decay** The cycle goes from *Ignition* to *Flash Over* to *Decay*.