Disabilities and Vulnerabilities Chapter 1

A lack or abnormality in the structure or function of a person's body, mind, or senses. It can be a physical, psychological, or cognitive difference.

A restriction or limitation on a person's ability to participate fully in society due to an impairment. It's not just about the impairment, but also about the environment and societal barriers.

The disadvantages experienced by individuals with disabilities due to societal attitudes and barriers. It's the social and environmental consequences of disability.

A state of vulnerability, susceptibility, or being at risk, often due to factors like poverty, lack of access to resources, or discrimination. Individuals in these states are more likely to face hardship and negative outcomes.

These refer to differences in the way people's bodies or minds work, impacting specific areas of functioning. They include physical, sensory, cognitive, and mental health conditions.

These are the reasons why someone might develop a disability. They can be genetic, environmental, or caused by accidents, disease, and other factors.

These encompass various movements throughout history, transforming attitudes towards people with disabilities from segregation to inclusion. They highlight the shift from institutionalization and exclusion to promoting integration and accessibility.

Attitudes influence the journey towards inclusion, shaping how people with disabilities are treated and integrated into society. Positive and inclusive attitudes help, while negative attitudes act as barriers.

A developmental disability that significantly affects verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three.

The repetition of phrases or words spoken by others. Common in children with autism.

A communication deficiency in which a child with autism might say 'I' instead of 'you' or vice versa.

A disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

A type of PDD that is associated with severe learning and communication difficulties.

A state of having difficulty understanding and using language.

The ability to live independently in the community, making decisions and participating in activities.

The aim of creating learning environments that cater to the needs of all students, including those with speech and language difficulties.

A general measure of a person's ability to learn, reason, and solve problems. Measured by IQ tests, a score of 70 or below indicates limitations.

A collection of skills learned and used in everyday life, including conceptual (language, money), social (interpersonal, rules), and practical (daily living, occupational) skills.

People with intellectual disabilities may learn and remember information at a slower rate than others. They may not use effective learning strategies spontaneously.

Individuals with intellectual disabilities may have trouble focusing on important information, especially in learning and social situations.

Significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive skills often impact a person's ability to learn and adapt in home, school, and community environments.

While people with intellectual disabilities can have diverse personalities and physical characteristics, their learning can be slower due to delayed cognitive development.

Individuals with intellectual disabilities may need to be explicitly taught strategies to improve their learning and memory skills.

The inability to focus and process information effectively, leading to difficulties in identifying crucial details.

Impairment in the ability to learn and use new skills due to factors like distractibility, inattentiveness, and impulsivity.

Delayed speech, language comprehension, and difficulty in formulating sentences, often caused by delays in language development, not unusual language patterns.

Problems with social skills like turn-taking, appropriate conversation topics, interpreting social cues, and knowing when to speak and when to be silent.

Lack of motivation, often resulting from past negative experiences and learned helplessness, leading to reliance on external rewards and a reluctance to be a self-starter.

Academic achievement difficulties for students with intellectual disabilities, despite extensive support needs.

The tendency to depend on external sources of reward and reinforcement instead of internal motivation.

Persistent issues with academic performance despite intensive support, often linked to cognitive challenges.

Causes of vulnerability include rapid population growth, poverty, poor health, lack of education, and social, political, and economic disadvantages.

Economic vulnerability is influenced by factors like a country's reliance on specific industries, trade, and foreign investment.

Environmental vulnerability relates to factors like land degradation, natural disasters, and climate change.

People who are less physically or mentally capable, have fewer resources, lack knowledge, or are restricted by society are more vulnerable.

Women in developing countries are particularly vulnerable due to traditional practices, cultural oppression, and limited access to resources.

Vulnerability of men in developing countries is driven by factors like lack of access to education, job opportunities, and societal expectations.

Vulnerability can be exacerbated when people are disadvantaged socially or politically, lacking a voice to advocate for themselves.

Children are more likely than adults to experience harm and developmental challenges due to factors like poverty, abuse, and lack of access to resources.

People belonging to minority groups, based on ethnicity, religion, or other factors, can face discrimination and limited opportunities.

Poverty can cause a range of problems, including limited access to healthcare, education, and other essential resources, increasing vulnerability.

People with disabilities are often at risk of facing abuse, discrimination, and limited opportunities for social inclusion.

These are people who have been forced to leave their homes because of war, persecution, or natural disasters. They are often vulnerable due to displacement, lack of resources, and exposure to violence.

This includes people from marginalized communities, those with limited access to power and resources, and those who face systematic disadvantages.