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Questions and Answers
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing Pertussis?
What is the virulent factor of B. pertussis?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Tuberculosis?
What is the name of the vaccine available against Tuberculosis?
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What is the term used to describe pneumonia caused by microorganisms other than Streptococcus pneumoniae?
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What is the term used to describe the inflammation of the middle ear?
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What is the typical duration of treatment for Brucellosis with antibiotics?
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Which of the following animals is commonly infected with Brucella melitensis?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Bacillus anthracis?
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What is the characteristic skin lesion of Cutaneous Anthrax?
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What is the primary virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis?
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What is the form of Anthrax caused by ingestion of undercooked food containing anthrax endospores?
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What is the primary cause of gangrene?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of plague?
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What is the treatment of choice for pneumonic plague?
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What is the primary symptom of Lyme disease?
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What is the primary cause of inhalational anthrax?
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What is the primary method of preventing gangrene?
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What is the third phase of Lyme disease?
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What is the primary cause of Burkitt's Lymphoma?
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What is the typical incubation period for Infectious Mononucleosis?
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How is Cytomegalovirus typically transmitted?
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What is the treatment for Cytomegalovirus retinitis?
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What is the characteristic of infected B cells in Infectious Mononucleosis?
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What is the percentage of AIDS patients who exhibit a CMV-caused eye infection?
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Study Notes
Microbial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System
- Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is caused by Bordetella pertussis, an obligately aerobic, gram-negative coccobacillus.
- The virulent factor is the capsule, and B. pertussis produces several toxins, including tracheal cytotoxin, which damages ciliated cells.
- Pertussis toxin enters the bloodstream and is associated with systemic symptoms, causing gasping for air between coughs, resulting in a whooping sound.
- Diagnosis is made by isolating the pathogen from a throat swab, and treatment involves antibiotics, commonly erythromycin or other macrolides.
Tuberculosis
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an obligate aerobe rod.
- M. bovis causes bovine tuberculosis, transmitted to humans through contaminated milk or food, affecting bones or the lymphatic system.
- Mycobacterium bacteria can survive for weeks in dried sputum and are highly resistant.
- Tuberculosis is typically acquired by inhaling the bacillus, which reaches the lungs and is phagocytized by a macrophage in the alveoli.
- Symptoms include coughing, bloodstained sputum, and potentially fatal hemorrhaging.
- Diagnosis involves a tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, CT scan, and microscopic examination of smears.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, and a BCG vaccine is available.
Bacterial Pneumonias
- Streptococcus pneumoniae causes typical pneumonia, while other microorganisms (fungi, protozoa, viruses, and bacteria) cause atypical pneumonia.
- Lobar pneumonia affects the lobes of the lungs, while bronchopneumonia affects the alveoli adjacent to the bronchi.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, such as streptomycin, administered for 10 to 15 days.
Brucellosis
- Brucellosis is the world's most common bacterial zoonosis, often becoming chronic and affecting any organ system.
- Brucella bacteria are small, aerobic, gram-negative coccobacilli that easily become airborne and are considered dangerous to handle.
- The incubation period is usually 1-3 weeks, but can be longer, with symptoms including fever, malaise, night sweats, and muscle aches.
- Treatment involves antibiotics.
Anthrax
- Caused by Bacillus anthracis, an endospore-forming bacillus that can survive in soil for up to 60 years.
- People at risk are those who handle animals, and the disease has three forms: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalational.
- Cutaneous anthrax occurs through contact with infected material, causing a papule, vesicles, and a black eschar.
- Gastrointestinal anthrax is caused by ingesting infected food, leading to nausea, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea.
- Inhalational anthrax occurs through inhaling endospores, causing mild fever, coughing, and chest pain, with a high mortality rate.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline or ciprofloxacin, and prevention is possible through vaccination.
Gangrene
- Ischemia, or interrupted blood supply, causes a wound to become anaerobic, leading to necrosis or tissue death.
- The death of soft tissue resulting from the loss of blood supply is called gangrene, often a complication of diabetes.
- C. perfringens is a common cause of gangrene, leading to gas gangrene.
- Treatment involves the surgical removal of necrotic tissue and amputation, with prevention possible through prompt cleaning of serious wounds and precautionary treatment with penicillin.
Vector-Transmitted Diseases
Plague
- Caused by Yersinia pestis, transmitted through rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) to humans.
- There are three types of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic.
- Treatment involves gentamicin and fluoroquinolones, with diagnosis made by isolating bacteria.
- A vaccine is available.
Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis)
- Caused by Borrelia, transmitted through tick bites, with a reservoir in field mice and other animals.
- The first symptom is a rash at the bite site, followed by flulike symptoms in a couple of weeks.
- Treatment involves antibiotics, with non-effective treatment potentially affecting the heart and leading to irregular heartbeat.
- The second phase involves chronic neurological symptoms, such as facial paralysis, fatigue, and memory loss.
- The third phase involves arthritis that may affect multiple joints for years.
- Diagnosis is made through serological tests.
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Burkitt's Lymphoma
- A tumor of the jaw caused by Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4), transmitted through a mosquito vector.
- Treatment involves anticancer drugs.
Infectious Mononucleosis
- Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, transmitted through saliva (kissing, sharing drinking vessels).
- Childhood infections are usually asymptomatic, while adulthood infections are more symptomatic due to an intense immunological response.
- The incubation period is 4-7 weeks, with symptoms including heterophile antibodies produced by infected B cells.
- The infected B cells produce heterophile antibodies that are used in the diagnosis of mononucleosis.
Cytomegalovirus Infections
- Caused by human herpesvirus 5, escaping antibody action by moving between cells in contact.
- Transmitted through kissing, sexually, by transfused blood, and by transplanted tissue.
- Immunocompromised individuals are at risk for life-threatening pneumonia, with almost any organ potentially affected.
- About 85% of AIDS patients exhibit a CMV-caused eye infection, Cytomegalovirus retinitis, which can result in eventual loss of vision without treatment.
- Treatment involves Ganciclovir, with vaccines under development but currently unavailable.
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Description
Learn about bacterial diseases affecting the upper and lower respiratory systems, including pertussis (whooping cough) and its causes, symptoms, and effects.
