Digestive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the small intestine?

  • Production of bile
  • Absorption of water
  • Mechanical digestion of food
  • Digestion and absorption of nutrients (correct)

    • What role does the pyloric sphincter play in digestion?

  • Regulates the passage of chyme to the duodenum (correct)
  • Prevents backflow of food into the esophagus
  • Controls the opening to the pharynx
  • Secretes digestive enzymes

    • What hormone stimulates the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach?

  • Gastrin (correct)
  • Insulin
  • Ghrelin
  • Somatostatin

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

    <p>Secretion of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pancreas contribute to the digestive system?

    <p>Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the small intestine increases surface area for nutrient absorption?

    <p>Villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in digestion?

    <p>Produces bile and detoxifies substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of E. coli in the colon?

    <p>Ferments undigested carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

    <p>Activating pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?

    <p>To protect the stomach lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which describes the process of chemical digestion?

    <p>Breaking down food with enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the large intestine primarily do?

    <p>Absorbs water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the salivary glands in the digestive system?

    <p>Begin the digestion of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do E. coli bacteria play in the colon?

    <p>Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chyme?

    <p>Semi-liquid mass of partially digested food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tongue in the digestive system?

    <p>Assists in food manipulation and contains taste buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the epiglottis serve during the digestion process?

    <p>Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down starches into sugars?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component controls the opening between the esophagus and the stomach?

    <p>Cardiac sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the major chemical digestion and absorption occur in the digestive system?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

    <p>Produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of the rectum in the digestive system?

    <p>Controls the expulsion of feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of secretin in the digestive system?

    <p>Secretes digestive juices from the liver and pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the large intestine is responsible for storing feces before expulsion?

    <p>Rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition arises if the vermiform appendix becomes infected?

    <p>Appendicitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the defecation reflex when feces enter the rectum?

    <p>Stretching of the rectal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive juices?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (CCK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if appendicitis is left untreated?

    <p>The appendix ruptures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three sections of the colon?

    <p>Ascending, transverse, descending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an additional component of feces besides undigested food?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the large intestine in feces formation?

    <p>Absorbing water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone triggers the release of bile from the gall bladder?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (CCK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice?

    <p>Neutralizing acidic chyme in the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the hepatic portal vein?

    <p>Transporting nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves bile salts breaking down fat globules?

    <p>Emulsification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are brush border enzymes located and what is their role?

    <p>On the microvilli of the small intestine, aiding in final digestion stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body prevent autodigestion of the pancreas?

    <p>By producing inactive enzyme precursors activated in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary component of feces?

    <p>Bacteria and undigested food residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamins are stored in the liver?

    <p>A, D, E, K, B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile salts?

    <p>Emulsify fats into smaller droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme breaks down starch in the small intestine?

    <p>Pancreatic amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pepsin activated?

    <p>By hydrochloric acid from gastric glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance does the liver produce from amino acids?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is bile stored after it is made in the liver?

    <p>Gall bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal pH for the enzyme lipase to function?

    <p>Basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile is primarily produced in which organ?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System Overview

    • The mouth is the entry point for food, initiating mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (saliva).
    • The tongue aids in food manipulation and swallowing, and contains taste buds.
    • Teeth function in mechanical digestion, breaking down food into smaller pieces.
    • Salivary glands produce saliva containing amylase, beginning carbohydrate digestion.
    • The pharynx is a passageway for both food and air, participating in swallowing.
    • The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
    • The esophagus transports food from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis.
    • The cardiac sphincter controls the opening between the esophagus and the stomach, preventing backflow.
    • The stomach is for mechanical and chemical digestion; it secretes acid and digestive enzymes.
    • The pyloric sphincter regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum.
    • The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, where significant chemical digestion and absorption occur.
    • The liver produces bile, detoxifies substances, and processes nutrients.
    • The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
    • The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, regulating blood sugar.
    • The small intestine is for digestion and absorption of nutrients.
    • The appendix has no significant digestive function but may have immune functions.
    • The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, and forms/stores feces.
    • The rectum stores feces until defecation.
    • The anus controls feces expulsion.

    Digestive Enzymes and Functions

    • Salivary and pancreatic amylase break down starches into sugars.
    • Proteases (pepsin, trypsin) break down proteins into peptides and amino acids.
    • Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
    • Peptidase and nucleosidase break down peptides into amino acids and nucleotides into nucleosides.
    • Nuclease breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides.

    Swallowing and Peristalsis

    • Swallowing involves voluntary (tongue) and involuntary (pharynx & esophagus) actions to move food to the stomach.
    • Peristalsis are rhythmic muscle contractions in the esophagus and intestines that move food.

    Digestive Actions of Juices

    • Gastric juices contain hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsinogen (activated to pepsin), which breaks down proteins, kills bacteria, and provides acidic pH for enzyme activity.
    • Pancreatic juices contain enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) and bicarbonate for neutralizing stomach acid and digesting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
    • Intestinal juices contain enzymes (maltase, lactase, sucrase, peptidases) for final breakdown of food molecules.

    Bile and Hormones

    • Bile emulsifies fats, increasing surface area for lipase action.
    • Hormones such as CCK, secretin, and somatostatin, and gastrin, influence digestive processes.

    Liver Functions

    • Bile production
    • Detoxification of blood
    • Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals
    • Synthesis of plasma proteins
    • Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
    • Conversion of ammonia to urea

    Defecation Reflex

    • Stretching of the rectum triggers relaxation of internal and external anal sphincters to expel feces.

    Functions of E. coli

    • Produce vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
    • Ferments undigested carbohydrates
    • Competes with harmful bacteria, preventing infections

    Digestive System Questions and Answers

    • Detailed questions and answers regarding the digestive system's functions. (Note the questions span multiple pages and are detailed.)

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    Related Documents

    Study Guide Human Biology Digestive System PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate process of digestion in this comprehensive quiz. From the mechanics of chewing to the functions of various organs like the stomach and intestines, this overview covers essential information about the digestive system. Test your knowledge on how food is processed and nutrients are absorbed.

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