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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of performing a colonoscopy?
What is the primary purpose of performing a colonoscopy?
Which statement about constipation is accurate?
Which statement about constipation is accurate?
What treatment is NOT commonly used for managing constipation?
What treatment is NOT commonly used for managing constipation?
What condition is characterized by pancreatic cells being replaced by fibrous tissue?
What condition is characterized by pancreatic cells being replaced by fibrous tissue?
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What is a common cause of chronic pancreatitis in the United States?
What is a common cause of chronic pancreatitis in the United States?
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What often causes erosive gastritis?
What often causes erosive gastritis?
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Which symptom is typically associated with chronic gastritis?
Which symptom is typically associated with chronic gastritis?
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Which is a common complication of gastritis?
Which is a common complication of gastritis?
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What is a key diagnostic tool for confirming gastritis?
What is a key diagnostic tool for confirming gastritis?
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What treatment should be avoided in chronic gastritis management?
What treatment should be avoided in chronic gastritis management?
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Which medication class is helpful in treating acute gastritis?
Which medication class is helpful in treating acute gastritis?
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What dietary approach should be taken during the recovery from acute gastritis?
What dietary approach should be taken during the recovery from acute gastritis?
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What is a characteristic symptom of peptic ulcer disease?
What is a characteristic symptom of peptic ulcer disease?
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What is a common symptom of hiatal hernia?
What is a common symptom of hiatal hernia?
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Which of the following diagnostic methods is considered the gold standard for GERD diagnosis?
Which of the following diagnostic methods is considered the gold standard for GERD diagnosis?
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What is one major advantage of enteral feeding?
What is one major advantage of enteral feeding?
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What is the primary treatment for perforation of the esophagus?
What is the primary treatment for perforation of the esophagus?
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Which of the following is a method for providing enteral nutrition?
Which of the following is a method for providing enteral nutrition?
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What is a key indication for using a nasogastric tube for feeding?
What is a key indication for using a nasogastric tube for feeding?
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What dietary recommendation is advised for managing GERD symptoms?
What dietary recommendation is advised for managing GERD symptoms?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with acute gastritis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with acute gastritis?
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How long is the temporary use of nasoduodenal or nasojejunal feeding recommended?
How long is the temporary use of nasoduodenal or nasojejunal feeding recommended?
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What should be monitored to assess a patient receiving enteral feeding?
What should be monitored to assess a patient receiving enteral feeding?
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What is one potential complication of untreated GERD?
What is one potential complication of untreated GERD?
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What lifestyle change is recommended for patients diagnosed with hiatal hernia?
What lifestyle change is recommended for patients diagnosed with hiatal hernia?
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Which feeding method involves administering a set volume in multiple smaller doses throughout the day?
Which feeding method involves administering a set volume in multiple smaller doses throughout the day?
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What is a common cause of chronic gastritis?
What is a common cause of chronic gastritis?
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What is the most important first step before administering tube feedings?
What is the most important first step before administering tube feedings?
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Why should medications not be mixed with enteral feedings?
Why should medications not be mixed with enteral feedings?
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What is a symptom characteristic of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
What is a symptom characteristic of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
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What is the primary function of the small intestine?
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
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What is essential to maintain during enteral feeding administration?
What is essential to maintain during enteral feeding administration?
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Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive system?
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive system?
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What post-operative instruction is given to patients after surgery for hiatal hernia?
What post-operative instruction is given to patients after surgery for hiatal hernia?
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What initiates the process of digestion?
What initiates the process of digestion?
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What is a typical range for bolus feed volumes administered at one time?
What is a typical range for bolus feed volumes administered at one time?
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What is the main purpose of alternative nutrition methods?
What is the main purpose of alternative nutrition methods?
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Which statement about absorption is true?
Which statement about absorption is true?
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What should students do if they have questions or concerns?
What should students do if they have questions or concerns?
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What is one of the key aims of the gastrointestinal assessment unit?
What is one of the key aims of the gastrointestinal assessment unit?
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Which of the following statements about waste elimination is true?
Which of the following statements about waste elimination is true?
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Study Notes
Digestive System Assessment
- Digestion refers to the breakdown of food into small particles for swallowing and mixing with digestive enzymes
- Absorption refers to the small intestine's primary function of absorbing nutrients and minerals into the bloodstream.
- Perforation is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate surgical intervention and antibiotics, resulting in excruciating retrosternal pain and dysphasia.
- X-ray, barium swallow, and chest CT are used to diagnose perforation.
- Patients who undergo perforation surgery are placed on a nil by mouth (NPO) post-op diet.
Hiatal Hernia
- The enlargement of the esophageal opening allows the upper stomach to move into the lower chest.
- Symptoms include dysphagia, pyrosis, regurgitation, intermittent epigastric pain, fullness after eating, and nausea/vomiting, though some patients may be asymptomatic.
- X-ray studies, barium swallow, EGD, esophageal manometry, and CT are used for diagnosis.
- Medical management is used to treat symptomatic patients, and surgery (typically laparoscopic) is an option.
- Patients should be instructed to eat frequent small meals, avoid reclining for an hour after eating, elevate their head of bed (4-8 inches), and advance their diet slowly post-op.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- GERD is a common disorder that involves backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus, causing symptoms and/or mucosal damage.
- An incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric stenosis, hiatal hernia, or motility disorder can contribute to excessive reflux.
- GERD incidence increases with age, is associated with irritable bowel syndrome, obstructive airway disorders (asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis), and risk factors such as tobacco use, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption, and gastric infection with Helicobacter pylori.
- Pyrosis and regurgitation are hallmark symptoms of GERD.
- Other symptoms include dyspepsia, dysphagia, hypersalivation, and esophagitis.
- Diagnosis is confirmed through pH monitoring, endoscopy, and barium swallow to evaluate for complications.
- Complications include dental erosion, ulcerations in the pharynx/esophagus, laryngeal damage, esophageal strictures, adenocarcinoma, and pulmonary complications.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Medical management includes medications and surgery.
- Patients should consume a low-fat diet, avoid caffeine, tobacco, beer, milk, peppermint/spearmint-containing foods, carbonated beverages, and abstain from eating or drinking 2 hours before bedtime.
- Elevate the head of bed at least 30 degrees, cease tobacco use, limit alcohol consumption, and maintain a healthy weight.
Gastritis
- Gastritis is a disruption of the mucosal barrier that protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices.
- Acute gastritis is characterized by rapid symptom onset, often caused by dietary indiscretion, and is typically self-limiting.
- Other causes of acute gastritis include medications, alcohol, bile reflux, radiation therapy, and ingestion of strong acids or alkalis.
- Chronic gastritis is characterized by prolonged inflammation, gastric tissue atrophy, benign or malignant ulcers, and is often linked to Helicobacter pylori infection.
- Other causes of chronic gastritis include autoimmune diseases, dietary factors, medications, alcohol, smoking, and chronic reflux of pancreatic secretions or bile.
Acute Gastritis
- Acute gastritis can be classified as erosive or nonerosive.
- Erosive gastritis can be caused by local irritants such as aspirin, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, alcohol, radiation, or severe cases caused by ingestion of strong acids or alkalis.
- Nonerosive gastritis can be caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, leading to peptic ulcers.
- Stress-related gastritis occurs in situations like severe burns, infection, lack of perfusion, and surgery.
- Complications include perforation, scarring, pyloric stenosis, tissue atrophy, and hemorrhage.
Manifestations of Gastritis
- Acute gastritis symptoms include epigastric pain, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, nausea, vomiting, and may lead to melena, hematemesis, or hematochezia in erosive gastritis.
- Chronic gastritis symptoms include fatigue, pyrosis, belching, a sour taste in the mouth, halitosis, early satiety, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and pernicious anemia due to B12 malabsorption.
- Some cases of gastritis are asymptomatic.
- Mild epigastric discomfort with intolerance of spicy or fatty food, relieved by eating, may also be present.
- Definitive diagnosis requires endoscopy and histologic examination of biopsy specimens.
Medical Management of Gastritis
- Acute gastritis recovery typically occurs within 1-3 days.
- Patients should refrain from alcohol and food until symptoms subside.
- Supportive therapy includes IV fluids, nasogastric intubation, antacids, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, and proton pump inhibitors.
- Chronic gastritis management involves dietary modifications, promoting rest, stress reduction, avoiding alcohol and NSAIDs, and pharmacologic therapy.
- Treatment may necessitate NG tube placement, endoscopy, or surgery for perforation or hemorrhage.
Nursing Management of Gastritis
- A calm and reassuring approach should be used, explaining all procedures and treatments to reduce patient anxiety.
- Optimal nutrition is encouraged, with patients initially on a nil by mouth (NPO) diet for acute gastritis. Clear liquids and solid foods are introduced as prescribed. Monitor for symptoms and report any concerns.
- Caffeinated beverages, alcohol, and cigarette smoking should be discouraged. Referral for alcohol counseling and smoking cessation programs are also encouraged.
- Promote fluid balance by monitoring intake and output, watching for signs of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and hemorrhage.
- Implement measures to relieve pain by addressing dietary needs, promoting rest, administering medications as prescribed, and using relaxation techniques.
- Promote skin integrity by frequently assessing skin condition, ensuring adequate hydration, and providing proper hygiene care.
- Observe for and report signs of complications, including bleeding, perforation, and infection, to prevent further complications and enhance patient safety.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the digestive system, including digestion, absorption, and conditions such as perforation and hiatal hernia. This quiz covers various diagnostic methods and post-operative care. Perfect for students in health sciences or related fields.
