Digestive Pretest - Multiple Choice Questions

The point where the transverse colon joins the ascending colon.

Where the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct meet to form the common bile duct.

The ileocecal valve controls the passage of digested material from the small intestine (ileum) to the large intestine (cecum).

The lesser omentum connects the liver to the stomach.

The falciform ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.

The muscularis externa layer of the GI tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation.

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is a bulb-like structure where the main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct join.

The teniae coli are three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the colon that cause it to pucker into sacs or haustra.

Functional units of the liver, resembling hexagonal structures, where blood flows from the portal venule, through sinusoids, to the central vein.

Vessel exiting the liver, collecting blood that has passed through the hepatic lobules and carrying it to the inferior vena cava.

The sharp bend where the transverse colon turns inferiorly to become the descending colon on the right side of the abdomen.

Region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus. It acts as a valve preventing reflux.

Calcified connective tissue that anchors the root of a tooth to the periodontal ligament, holding it in place.

Consists of hepatic artery (oxygenated blood), hepatic duct (bile transport), and portal vein (nutrient-rich blood) entering the liver.

The space between the teeth and cheeks/lips. It plays a role in food manipulation and speech.

Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones that regulate digestion, are scattered in the stomach and intestinal lining, and are NOT directly involved in secreting substances into the lumen.

Anchoring points in smooth muscle cells, connecting thin myofilaments to dense plaques and intermediate filaments, enabling contraction.

The splenic flexure is the point where the transverse colon transitions into the descending colon.

In the intestine, undifferentiated epithelial stem cells reside at the base of the intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkühn).

Hepatic macrophages, also called Kupffer cells, play a role in destroying bacteria that have entered the bloodstream from the gut.

Incisors bite off food, while molars grind it.

The pharynx and the anal canal are the only parts of the digestive tract innervated by the somatic nervous system, responsible for voluntary control.

Hepatic veins do not enter or leave the porta hepatis, which is the main opening of the liver.

Parietal cells in the stomach secrete both intrinsic factor, essential for vitamin B12 absorption, and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

The ileum is the final segment of the small intestine, connecting to the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.

The alimentary canal's wall is structured with four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Mucosa lines the lumen, submucosa provides support, muscularis contracts for movement, and serosa is the outer layer.

The submucosa layer, present in the digestive tract, is characterized by its rich presence of elastin fibers, blood vessels, lymphoid nodules, and deep glands.

Crohn's disease affects any part of the digestive tract, creating deeper erosions and inflammation. Ulcerative colitis primarily affects the rectum and colon, causing surface ulcers.

The large intestine is shorter than the small intestine, despite having no villi. All other statements are true: it has taeniae coli, haustra, and no villi.

Villi are finger-like projections increasing surface area. Microvilli are tiny projections on villi, further increasing surface area. Circular folds are large folds in the intestinal lining, enhancing absorption.

Intrinsic muscles are within the tongue, changing its shape for speech and swallowing. Extrinsic muscles attach outside the tongue, moving it for positioning.

A mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that attaches organs to the abdominal wall. It provides support and contains blood vessels and nerves.

A duct formed by the union of the left and right hepatic ducts, carrying bile from the liver towards the gallbladder.

A mixture of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas, crucial for digestion.

A pointed tooth located between the incisors and premolars, used for tearing and piercing food.

The dome-shaped, upper region of the stomach that stores food and releases gastrin, a hormone regulating digestion.

A muscular valve at the junction of the stomach and duodenum, controlling the passage of chyme into the small intestine.

The largest lobe of the liver, located on the right side of the body, responsible for various metabolic functions.

A short duct connecting the gallbladder to the common bile duct, allowing bile to flow to and from the gallbladder.

The soft, inner part of a tooth containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, providing nourishment and sensitivity.

The common hepatic duct is a bile duct that carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder and the small intestine.

The cystic duct is a short duct that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct.

The falciform ligament is a peritoneal fold that connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall.

The laryngopharynx is the lowermost part of the pharynx, connecting to the larynx and esophagus.

The oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx, between the nasopharynx and the laryngopharynx.

The lamina propria is the connective tissue layer beneath the epithelium in the mucosa of the digestive tract.

The muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosa of the digestive tract.

A lacteal is a lymphatic vessel located in the villi of the small intestine, responsible for absorbing fats.

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum. It has no digestive function but is thought to house beneficial bacteria.

A sac-like structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve, marking the beginning of the large intestine.

Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the colon wall that cause it to pucker into sacs.

Expansible pouches of the colon formed by the taenia coli.

The point where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon. It's the bend at the liver.

A large, fan-shaped fold of peritoneum that supports most of the small intestine, providing stability for movement.

The gallbladder, a small pear-shaped sac.

Finger-like projections on the surface of the small intestine's mucosal lining.

The bladder is not part of the digestive tract, it's part of the urinary system.

The cardia is the region of the stomach where it connects to the esophagus.

The pylorus is the section of the stomach that controls chyme's entry into the small intestine.

There are three pairs of salivary glands that secrete saliva into the mouth.

Parietal cells release both intrinsic factor, crucial for vitamin B12 absorption, and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

The greater omentum is like an apron of fat that covers the abdominal organs.

Rugae are the prominent ridges in the lining of an empty stomach.

The outer layer of a retroperitoneal organ that anchors it to the abdominal wall.

A bulb-like structure where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join.

A muscular valve at the junction between the ileum (small intestine) and the cecum (large intestine).

A peritoneal fold that attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

The smooth muscle layer of the GI tract responsible for peristalsis and segmentation.

Three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the colon that cause it to pucker into sacs.

The large intestine is primarily responsible for absorbing water from the digestive system.

Serosa, also known as visceral peritoneum, is the outermost layer of the digestive tract.

A short lingual frenulum, the tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth, can make it difficult to move the tongue, resulting in a 'tongue-tied' condition.

The lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the porta hepatis of the liver.

The splenic flexure is the location where the transverse colon turns inferiorly to become the descending colon within the left hypochondriac region.

Saliva does not contain enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins. It does contain enzymes that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates, bactericidal enzymes, and bicarbonate buffer.

There are 20 deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth, in a human's mouth.

The intestine provides a warmer and more moist environment compared to the stomach, making it ideal for bacterial growth.

The stomach uses mechanical means like churning to break down food into a paste-like substance called chyme.

The greater omentum, a fatty apron, primarily serves as a fat storage depot.

The ileum, being part of the small intestine, is not secondarily retroperitoneal. The other options (transverse, descending, sigmoid) are parts of the large intestine located behind the peritoneum.

The gallbladder's primary function is to store bile produced by the liver.

The pancreas does not have a hilum. It has a head, body, and tail.

The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland.

Parietal cells in the stomach are responsible for producing intrinsic factor, essential for vitamin B12 absorption.

Carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing before it reaches the heart.

Connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct, allowing bile to flow to and from the gallbladder.

Carries bile from the liver to the gallbladder and the small intestine.

Secrete pepsinogen, an inactive precursor of the digestive enzyme pepsin.

Structure '6' in Figure 22-2 is the gastric mixing region, responsible for churning and mixing stomach juice with food.

Structure '12' is the pylorus, the lower portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine and controls the flow of chyme.

The rugae (structure '3') are folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand and accommodate larger food volumes.

Structure '7' is the lesser curvature of the stomach, a concave inward curve on the right side of the stomach.

Structure '10' is the oblique muscle layer, a unique layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach that helps with mixing and churning.

Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphatic tissue found primarily in the ileum, the last part of the small intestine. They help monitor and fight off harmful bacteria.

The duodenal ampulla is a bulb-like structure located at the beginning of the duodenum where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct meet.

The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water from the remaining digested food, forming solid waste.

A large, fan-shaped fold of peritoneum supporting most of the small intestine, providing stability and limited movement.

They are phagocytic, destroying bacteria and presenting antigens. They also destroy red blood cells.

The esophagus connects to the cardia, the first region of the stomach.

Chief cells produce pepsinogen, an inactive enzyme precursor.

Parietal cells release hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

The parotid gland empties its saliva near the second upper molar.

The hard palate and soft palate form the roof of the mouth.

The epiglottis is a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing.

Mesenteries are double layers of peritoneum that support the organs in the abdominal cavity.

The greater omentum, a fatty apron, serves primarily as a fat storage depot in the abdomen.

The exocrine cells of the pancreas produce and secrete pancreatic juice, a mixture of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

The diaphragm sits atop the superior surface of the liver. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich but oxygen-poor blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing.

The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the liver for its own metabolic needs.

The ileum is the last segment of the small intestine, connecting to the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.