33 Questions
What is the name of the duct that branches from the common hepatic duct?
Cystic duct
What is the main function of salivary amylase in the digestion process?
To break down starch into maltose
At what pH range does protein digestion occur?
pH 1.5-2
What is the role of pepsin in protein digestion?
To break down proteins into peptides
What is the name of the vein that receives blood from the liver?
Inferior vena cava
What is the function of iodine solution in the experiment?
To indicate the presence of starch
What is the result of chemically digesting starch in the mouth?
Breakdown into maltose
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in digestion?
To create an acidic environment for enzyme activity
At what age during childhood should toilet training be started?
2 years
Which of the following is a factor affecting bowel elimination?
Diet
What is bowel incontinence?
The inability to control stool or gas
What is a cause of bowel incontinence?
All of the above
What is choletheliasis?
A gallstone
What is a factor that can affect bowel elimination?
All of the above
What is a condition associated with the digestive system?
Choletheliasis
At what age should parents start introducing toilet training?
18 months
What is a common consequence of bowel incontinence?
Both A and B
What is the function of the salivary glands?
To produce saliva that breaks down carbohydrates
What is the pH range at which protein digestion occurs?
pH 3-6.3
What is the main function of the stomach?
To mix food with enzymes to break down proteins
What is the role of bile in lipid digestion?
Emulsification of lipids
Where does lipid digestion occur in the human digestive tract?
Mouth, stomach, and small intestine
What is the function of the bile duct?
To store bile from the liver
What is the purpose of the Valsalva maneuver during defecation?
To increase intra-abdominal pressure
What is the function of the pancreas?
To produce enzymes that break down proteins
What is the function of the liver?
To filter waste products from the blood
What type of muscle is the external anal sphincter?
Striated muscle
What is the function of the large intestine?
To absorb water and electrolytes
Which part of the GI tract is responsible for propelling feces towards the rectum?
Sigmoid colon
What is the function of the appendix?
Unknown, it is a vestigial organ
What are the sacral nerves that supply innervation to the muscles involved in defecation?
S2-S4
What is the function of the anus?
To expel waste products from the body
What is the effect of hydrochloric acid on proteins?
It denatures proteins
Study Notes
Digestive System Anatomy
- The liver, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, common bile duct, gall bladder, hepatic veins, hepatic artery, and portal vein are all part of the digestive system anatomy.
Carbohydrate Digestion
- Iodine solution is an indicator of the presence of starch.
- During chewing, bread is mechanically and chemically digested by salivary amylase, breaking down starch into maltose.
- The color of bread changes from dark brown to brown or lighter brown as starch is broken down.
Protein Digestion
- Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and small intestine.
- Pepsin is the enzyme that digests protein, and hydrochloric acid helps to activate pepsin.
- Protein digestion occurs at a pH of 1.5-2.
Lipid Digestion
- Lipid digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
- Bile salts help to emulsify lipids, making them more accessible to lipase.
- Lipid digestion occurs at a pH of 3-6.3.
Defecation Physiology
- The sigmoid colon is responsible for propelling feces towards the rectum.
- The Valsalva maneuver and abdominal muscle contraction help to increase intra-abdominal pressure, aiding in bowel movements.
- The external anal sphincter is made up of striated muscle and is under voluntary control, while the internal anal sphincter is made up of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control.
Enrichment
- Five factors affecting bowel elimination include:
- Diet
- Fluid intake
- Exercise
- Stress
- Age
- Toilet training should start around 2-3 years of age.
- Bowel incontinence is the inability to control bowel movements, and can be caused by nerve damage or muscle weakness.
Test your knowledge of the digestive system, including the functions of various organs, digestive processes, and common diseases and disorders associated with the system.
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