Digestive System Pretest PDF

Digestive Pretest Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Figure 22-2 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 22-2 to answer the following questions: 1)...

Digestive Pretest Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Figure 22-2 The Stomach (dissected) Use Figure 22-2 to answer the following questions: 1) What is the function of the structure labeled "6"? 1) _______ A) mixes stomach juice into food B) controls contraction of stomach muscles C) prevents food from entering the esophagus D) strains materials entering the stomach E) regulates gastric emptying 2) Identify the structure labeled "12." 2) _______ A) greater curvature B) lesser curvature C) cardia D) pylorus E) fundus 3) Which structure helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food? 3) _______ A) 6 B) 9 C) 3 D) 5 E) 4 4) Identify the structure labeled "7." 4) _______ A) lesser curvature B) greater curvature C) esophagus D) cardia E) pylorus 5) Identify the structure labeled "10." 5) _______ A) circular muscle layer B) submucosa C) rugae D) longitudinal muscle layer E) oblique muscle layer 6) Plicae and intestinal villi 6) _______ A) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. B) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. C) secrete digestive enzymes. D) carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries. E) produce hormones. 7) Peyer patches are characteristic of the 7) _______ A) duodenum. B) stomach. C) colon. D) jejunum. E) ileum. 8) The middle segment of the small intestine is the 8) _______ A) cecum. B) pylorus. C) ileum. D) duodenum. E) jejunum. 9) The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the 9) _______ A) duodenum. B) ileum. C) haustrum. D) jejunum. E) appendix. 10) The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the 10) ______ A) duodenum and the jejunum. B) common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. C) duodenum and the bile duct. D) duodenum and the pancreatic duct. E) duodenum and the pylorus. 11) Products of fat digestion are transported initially by 11) ______ A) veins. B) lymphatic vessels. C) capillaries. D) the interstitial fluid. E) the arterioles. 12) This organ is primarily responsible for water absorption. 12) ______ A) stomach B) small intestine C) esophagus D) large intestine E) anus 13) At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the 13) ______ A) ascending colon. B) sigmoid colon. C) transverse colon. D) descending colon. E) rectum. 14) A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the 14) ______ A) gallbladder. B) ileum. C) pancreas. D) haustra. E) appendix. 15) The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the 15) ______ A) rectum. B) cecum. C) sigmoid colon. D) haustra. E) appendix. 16) The taenia coli are 16) ______ A) tumors normally confined in the sigmoid colon. B) longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall. C) polyps that obstruct the sigmoid colon. D) tears of the colon. E) ridges in the mucosa of the colon. 17) Haustra are 17) ______ A) strips of muscle in the colon. B) compact feces stored in the rectum. C) glands in the large intestine that secrete mucus. D) the source of colon hormones. E) expansible pouches of the colon. 18) At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the 18) ______ A) descending colon. B) transverse colon. C) ascending colon. D) rectum. E) sigmoid colon. 19) The ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement. 19) ______ A) mesentery proper B) lesser omentum C) diaphragm D) greater omentum E) falciform ligament 20) Bile is stored in the 20) ______ A) appendix. B) liver. C) duodenum. D) gallbladder. E) pancreas. 21) The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the 21) ______ A) ligamentum teres. B) hepatic ligament. C) falciform ligament. D) lesser omentum. E) greater omentum. 22) The Kupffer cells of the liver 22) ______ A) are phagocytic. B) destroy bacteria. C) present antigens. D) destroy RBCs. E) all of the above 23) The basic functional unit of the liver is the 23) ______ A) bile canaliculus. B) portal area. C) lobule. D) Kupffer cell. E) hepatocyte. 24) The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of 24) ______ A) pancreatic crypts. B) islets of Langerhans. C) triads. D) pancreatic acini. E) pancreatic lobules. 25) In the center of a liver lobule there is a 25) ______ A) sinusoid. B) central vein. C) hepatic duct. D) portal vein. E) portal area. 26) The human liver is composed of ________ lobe(s). 26) ______ A) three B) four C) one D) two E) two large, four small 27) Plicae circulares are 27) ______ A) circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine. B) abnormal structures formed by excessive pressure in the small intestine. C) ridges in the wall of the stomach. D) sacculations in the colon. E) fingerlike projections on the surface of the mucosa of the small intestine. 28) Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the 28) ______ A) bladder. B) colon. C) pharynx. D) stomach. E) esophagus. Figure 23.1 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 29) Identify the letter that indicates the cardia of the stomach. 29) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 30) Identify the letter that indicates the region of the stomach that regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine. 30) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 31) Identify the letter that indicates folds that allow for expansion of the stomach. 31) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 32) Identify the letter that indicates the curvature where the greater omentum attaches. 32) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 33) ________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity. 33) ______ A) Six to Ten B) Three C) Two D) One E) Four 34) Parietal cells secrete 34) ______ A) mucus. B) vitamin B12. C) intrinsic factor. D) pepsinogen. E) gastrin. 35) Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen? 35) ______ A) lesser omentum B) mesentery proper C) greater omentum D) diaphragm E) falciform ligament 36) Gastric pits are 36) ______ A) acid scars in the esophagus. B) involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach. C) openings into gastric glands. D) hollows where proteins are stored. E) ridges in the body of the stomach. 37) The greater omentum is 37) ______ A) attached to the stomach at the lesser curvature. B) a sheet of mesentery that attaches to the liver. C) important in the digestion of fats. D) a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera. E) the entrance to the stomach. 38) The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called 38) ______ A) plicae. B) villi. C) papillae. D) cardia. E) rugae. 39) The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the 39) ______ A) antrum. B) cardia. C) pylorus. D) body. E) fundus. 40) The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the 40) ______ A) pylorus. B) cardia. C) body. D) antrum. E) fundus. 41) The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the 41) ______ A) cardia. B) pylorus. C) fundus. D) body. E) antrum. 42) Which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect to? 42) ______ A) body B) cardia C) fundus D) pylorus E) antrum 43) Chief cells secrete 43) ______ A) hydrochloric acid. B) intrinsic factor. C) pepsinogen. D) gastrin. E) mucus. 44) Parietal cells secrete 44) ______ A) hydrochloric acid. B) mucus. C) gastrin. D) enteropeptidase. E) pepsinogen. 45) The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth. 45) ______ A) lingual B) parotid C) mandibular D) submandibular E) sublingual 46) ________ are also known as canines. 46) ______ A) Incisors B) Secondary teeth C) Molars D) Cuspids E) Bicuspids 47) ________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding. 47) ______ A) Cuspids B) Eye teeth C) Canines D) Dentins E) Molars 48) ________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing. 48) ______ A) Bicuspids B) Incisors C) Cuspids D) Premolars E) Molars 49) ________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. 49) ______ A) Molars B) Bicuspids C) Cuspids D) Incisors E) Canines 50) The uvula is located at the 50) ______ A) posterior margin of the soft palate. B) posterior of the tongue. C) margin of the vestibule. D) margin of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. E) base of a tooth. 51) The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the 51) ______ A) vestibule. B) hard palate. C) soft palate. D) A, B, and C E) B and C only 52) A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the 52) ______ A) uvula. B) epiglottis. C) pharyngeal arch. D) palatoglossal arch. E) palatopharyngeal arch. 53) The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar. 53) ______ A) submaxillary B) vestibular C) submandibular D) parotid E) sublingual 54) The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called 54) ______ A) the diaphragm. B) mesenteries. C) the dorsal and ventral frenulums. D) peritoneal sheets. E) ascites. 55) Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called 55) ______ A) peristalsis. B) pendular movements. C) mastication. D) segmentation. E) churning movements. 56) A feature of the digestive epithelium that assists expansion of the organ is the presence of 56) ______ A) elastic cells. B) plicae. C) transitional cells. D) rugae. E) both B and D 57) Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the 57) ______ A) adventitia. B) muscularis. C) submucosa. D) mucosa. E) serosa. 58) The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels. 58) ______ A) serosa B) adventitia C) lamina propria D) fibrosa E) mesenteries 59) The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the 59) ______ A) submucosa. B) serosa. C) muscularis mucosa. D) mucosa. E) adventitia. 60) Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? 60) ______ A) absorption B) filtration C) compaction D) mechanical processing E) ingestion 61) Digestion refers to the 61) ______ A) chemical breakdown of food. B) mechanical breakdown of food. C) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. D) B and C only E) A, B, and C Figure 23.1 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 62) Identify the letter that indicates the fundus of the stomach. 62) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Figure 23.2 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 63) Identify the letter that indicates the cystic duct. 63) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 64) Identify the letter that indicates the hepatic ducts as they exit the porta hepatis. 64) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 65) Identify the letter that indicates the duct that carries digestive enzymes from acinar cells in the pancreas. 65) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 66) Identify the letter that indicates the bulb through which digestive enzymes and bile flow to the duodenum. 66) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 67) Identify the letter that indicates the duct formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts. 67) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E Figure 23.3 Use the diagram above to answer the following questions. 68) Identify the letter that indicates the root canal. 68) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 69) Identify the letter that indicates the crown. 69) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 70) Identify the letter that indicates the root. 70) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 71) Identify the letter that indicates the hardest substance in the body. 71) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 72) Identify the letter that indicates the neck of the tooth. 72) ______ A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E 73) Retroperitoneal organs have a serosa facing the peritoneal cavity and a(n) ________ on the posterior side embedded in the abdominal wall. 73) ______ A) caveolae B) mesothelium C) vasa vasorum D) adventitia E) muscularis externa 74) Junction of the transverse and ascending colon. 74) ______ A) splenic flexure B) ileocecal valve C) cecum D) haustra E) hepatic flexure 75) The union of the cystic and common hepatic ducts. 75) ______ A) hepatopancreatic ampulla B) main pancreatic duct C) common bile duct D) accessory pancreatic duct E) bile canaliculi 76) Smooth muscle constriction between the ileum and cecum. 76) ______ A) haustra B) hepatic flexure C) ileocecal valve D) splenic flexure E) cecum 77) Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach. 77) ______ A) haustra B) greater omentum C) lesser omentum D) hepatopancreatic ampulla E) porta hepatis 78) Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. 78) ______ A) falciform ligament B) porta hepatis C) lesser omentum D) greater omentum E) ligamentum teres 79) Layer of the GI tract responsible for peristalsis and segmentation. 79) ______ A) submucosa B) muscularis externa C) serosa D) lamina propria E) muscularis mucosae 80) Bulblike union of the main pancreatic duct and bile duct. 80) ______ A) hepatopancreatic ampulla B) porta hepatis C) cystic duct D) accessory pancreatic duct E) hepatic duct 81) Three strips of longitudinal muscles of the muscularis of the colon causing it to pucker into sacs. 81) ______ A) teniae coli B) haustra C) pyloric sphincter D) ileocecal junction E) muscularis mucosae 82) Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another? 82) ______ A) serosa B) submucosa C) mucosa D) muscularis externa 83) Which of the following choices correctly pairs a type of cell in the stomach with its secretion? 83) ______ A) chief cell; pepsinogen B) parietal cell; mucus C) enteroendocrine; hydrochloric acid D) parietal cell; pepsinogen 84) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine? 84) ______ A) It includes the ascending, transverse, and descending colon. B) It contains an abundant bacterial flora. C) It absorbs much of the water and salts remaining in the wastes. D) It is the main site of nutrient absorption. 85) The digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water is the 85) ______ A) ileum. B) anus. C) duodenum. D) large intestine. 86) Another name for serosa is 86) ______ A) visceral peritoneum. B) serous gland. C) parietal peritoneum. D) mucosa. 87) Medial to both midclavicular lines and superior to the subcostal plane lies the 87) ______ A) pyloric sphincter. B) appendix. C) jejunum. D) cecum. 88) To say someone is "tongue-tied" means that the 88) ______ A) lips are exceptionally immobile. B) tongue muscles are weak. C) lingual frenulum is short. D) salivary glands produce little lubricant. 89) The lesser omentum extends between the 89) ______ A) sigmoid colon and the posterior pelvic wall. B) transverse colon and the posterior abdominal wall. C) lesser curvature of the stomach and the porta hepatis of the liver. D) greater curvature of the stomach and the posterior abdominal wall. 90) The splenic, or left colic, flexure of the colon is located within the 90) ______ A) right hypochondriac region. B) left hypochondriac region. C) left lumbar region. D) right lumbar region. 91) Which of the following is not contained in saliva? 91) ______ A) enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins B) enzymes that initiate the digestion of carbohydrates C) bactericidal enzymes D) bicarbonate buffer 92) How many deciduous teeth are there? 92) ______ A) 32 B) 18 C) 20 D) It varies from person to person. 93) Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is primarily located within the 93) ______ A) serosa. B) lamina propria. C) muscularis mucosa. D) submucosa. 94) What is the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter? 94) ______ A) It inhibits defecation in the upper alimentary canal while the anal sphincters do the same in the lower regions. B) It controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juices into the alimentary canal. C) As it contracts, it squeezes pancreatic secretions into the duodenum. D) It prevents the movement of bile into the gallbladder. 95) Secretions of the parotid gland empty 95) ______ A) anterior to the frenulum of the tongue. B) through 10 ducts on the floor of the oral cavity. C) lateral to the upper molars. D) between the lingual tonsil and epiglottis. 96) The mesentery that suspends the small intestine is the 96) ______ A) lesser omentum. B) falciform ligament. C) mesentery proper. D) greater omentum. 97) Why are bacteria abundant in the large intestines but not in the stomach? 97) ______ A) Food enters the stomach first and does not spend much time there. B) The stomach wall contains so much lymphoid tissue that it destroys all bacteria there. C) The intestine is much warmer and moister, encouraging bacterial growth. D) Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the stomach. 98) The stomach 98) ______ A) dehydrates food materials before passing them to the small intestine. B) churns food into a paste by mechanical means. C) stores food for later use in the form of fat. D) absorbs most of the nutrients in food. 99) Which of the following correctly describes the function of the greater omentum? 99) ______ A) It absorbs heat from the digestive process and radiates it to the outside of the body. B) It is a vestigial structure that has no known function. C) It wraps around most of the large intestine and anchors it to the anterior abdominal wall. D) It stores fat. 100) Which of the following is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ? 100) _____ A) transverse colon B) sigmoid colon C) descending colon D) ileum 101) What is the function of the gallbladder? 101) _____ A) secretion of bile B) storage of bile C) secretion of gastrin D) production of cholesterol 102) The pancreas contains all of the following regions except a 102) _____ A) head. B) hilum. C) body. D) tail. 103) The largest salivary gland is the 103) _____ A) submandibular. B) intrinsic. C) sublingual. D) parotid. 104) Which of the following cells produce intrinsic factor? 104) _____ A) parietal cells B) mucous neck cells C) enteroendocrine cells D) chief cells 105) Which of the following is not a function of hepatocytes? 105) _____ A) picking up and processing nutrients from the portal blood B) detoxifying poisons C) storing some vitamins D) producing digestive enzymes 106) Which of the following applies to the small intestine? 106) _____ A) It is where foodstuffs first encounter protein-splitting enzymes. B) It is where carbohydrates and fats but not proteins are digested. C) Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals. D) Its walls secrete most of the digestive enzymes that are active in its lumen. 107) All of the following structures have all four tissue layers in their walls except the 107) _____ A) sigmoid colon. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) mouth. 108) The portion of the large intestine closest to the liver is the 108) _____ A) transverse colon. B) descending colon. C) rectum. D) cecum. 109) Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the bile-secreting liver were severely damaged? 109) _____ A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) nucleic acids 110) The duodenum contains these structures whose products neutralize the acidic chyme. 110) _____ A) gastric glands B) intestinal glands C) Peyer's patches D) duodenal glands 111) Which of the following statements about the duodenum is false? 111) _____ A) It is more movable than the ileum or jejunum, which are retroperitoneal. B) It is the site of action of liver and pancreas secretions. C) It is shorter than either the ileum or jejunum. D) It receives chyme from the stomach. 112) Which of the following layers is present in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, but not in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx? 112) _____ A) lumen B) lamina propria C) muscularis mucosae D) lining epithelium 113) The "mostly mucous" extrinsic salivary gland is the ________ gland. 113) _____ A) sublingual B) intrinsic C) parotid D) submandibular 114) Which of the following are the only mucosal folds that do not flatten out at all when the organ stretches? 114) _____ A) mucosal folds in the gallbladder B) rugae in the stomach C) circular folds in the small intestine D) longitudinal folds in the esophagus 115) The bare area of the liver 115) _____ A) is on the liver's inferior and anterior surface. B) is fused with the diaphragm. C) is covered with visceral peritoneum. D) contains the ligamentum teres. 116) Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called 116) _____ A) propulsion. B) mechanical digestion. C) absorption. D) ingestion. 117) Which of the following is not a characteristic of the rectum? 117) _____ A) has transverse folds called rectal valves B) has longitudinal folds called columns C) lacks tenia coli D) is secondarily retroperitoneal 118) If we say the pancreas is shaped like a tadpole, then the tadpole's head lies 118) _____ A) posterior to the fundus of the stomach. B) against the hilum of the spleen. C) inside the mesentery proper. D) in the curvature formed by the duodenum. 119) Which of the following is true of the pectinate line of the anal canal? 119) _____ A) It lies just below the level of the rectal valves. B) It is also called the anal columns. C) All hemorrhoids occur there. D) It divides regions of somatic and visceral innervation. 120) Which of the following is not a characteristic of enteroendocrine cells? 120) _____ A) They secrete hormones that help signal the events of digestion. B) They are scattered throughout the lining epithelium of the stomach and intestines. C) They never secrete their product into the lumen of the digestive canal. D) They are scattered throughout the lining of the rectum. 121) The splenic flexure is the boundary between the 121) _____ A) transverse and ascending colon. B) descending colon and sigmoid colon. C) transverse and descending colon. D) spleen and stomach. 122) In the stomach, the undifferentiated epithelial stem cells lie near the junction between the gastric pits and gastric glands. In the intestine, the corresponding stem cells occur 122) _____ A) where the intestinal crypts meet the villi. B) on the tips of the villi. C) in the duodenal (Brunner's) glands. D) deep within the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn). 123) Some bacteria from the intestinal microbiota work their way into the intestinal wall and start to spread through the circulation. Many of these bacteria are stopped by MALT, while many more are destroyed by 123) _____ A) the walling-off action of the greater omentum. B) hepatocytes. C) megakaryocytes. D) hepatic macrophages. 124) In mastication, the relative roles of an incisor versus a molar are 124) _____ A) only incisors function in mastication. B) chewing versus holding food in the mouth. C) piercing versus tearing. D) biting off pieces of food versus grinding. 125) Most of the gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system. Which parts are innervated by the somatic nervous system? 125) _____ A) esophagus and stomach B) pyloric, ileocecal, and internal anal sphincters C) pharynx and anal canal D) small and large intestines 126) Which of the following structures neither enters nor leaves the porta hepatis? 126) _____ A) hepatic ducts B) hepatic veins C) branches of hepatic portal vein D) branches of hepatic artery 127) The parietal cells in the stomach produce 127) _____ A) intrinsic factor and HCl. B) mucin. C) secretin. D) pepsin. 128) Which of the following is not an accessory digestive organ? 128) _____ A) spleen B) teeth C) salivary gland D) liver 129) In most cases, the accessory pancreatic duct drains into the 129) _____ A) jejunum. B) common hepatic duct. C) duodenum. D) common bile duct. 130) The terminal portion of the small intestine is the 130) _____ A) ileum. B) pyloric sphincter. C) duodenum. D) jejunum. 131) The correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external, is 131) _____ A) serosa, muscularis, mucosa, submucosa. B) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis. C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. D) mucosa, muscularis, serosa, submucosa. 132) The layer of the digestive tube that contains abundant elastin plus blood vessels, lymphoid nodules, and deep glands is the 132) _____ A) muscularis. B) adventitia. C) serosa. D) submucosa. 133) What is the distinction between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? 133) _____ A) Although both diseases are caused by inflammation, Crohn's disease occurs only in the small intestine, whereas ulcerative colitis occurs only in the large intestine. B) Crohn's disease results in diverticula, caused by insufficient dietary fiber, whereas ulcerative colitis is caused by the bacterium H. pylori. C) Crohn's disease produces deeper erosions of the mucosa and occurs throughout the intestines, whereas ulcerative colitis occurs mostly in the rectum. D) Crohn's disease is caused by the bacterium H. pylori, whereas ulcerative colitis results from the failure of acid to be neutralized before it reaches the colon. 134) Which of the following statements about the large intestine is false? 134) _____ A) It exhibits external muscular bands called taeniae coli. B) It has haustra. C) It has no villi. D) It is longer than the small intestine. ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 135) Explain the relationships and distinguish among the following structures of the small intestine: villi, microvilli, and circular folds. 136) Describe the structure and function of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue. 137) Describe the structure of a mesentery, and then identify and describe the location of two ventral and two dorsal mesenteries. 138) Identify the location and function of the enteric nerve plexus. 139) Explain the relationship between a hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 140) The ________ is connective tissue whose capillaries nourish the epithelium of the mucosa. 140) ____________ 141) The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the ________ duct. 141) ____________ 142) Blood flowing through the liver lobule enters at the portal venule and flows through ________ to the central vein and out of the liver through the hepatic vein. 142) ____________ 143) The transverse colon bends inferiorly at the ________ to become the descending colon. 143) ____________ 144) The ________ region of the stomach is closest to the esophagus. 144) ____________ 145) The root of the tooth is held to the periodontal ligament by a calcified connective tissue called ________. 145) ____________ 146) The porta hepatis contains the hepatic arteries, hepatic ducts, and ________. 146) ____________ 147) The region between your teeth and lips is called the ________. 147) ____________ 148) Thin myofilaments of smooth muscle fibers are anchored to intermediate filaments through ________. 148) ____________ 149) The distal sigmoid colon is located within the ________ region of the abdominal pelvic cavity. 149) ____________ 150) ________ is a dangerous inflammation of herniations in the colonic wall. 150) ____________ 151) ________ is a condition in which inflammation of the intestines causes deep ulcers and fissures. 151) ____________ 152) "Baby" teeth are more properly called ________ teeth. 152) ____________ 153) The external muscle layer of the pharynx consists of three ________ muscles composed of voluntary skeletal muscle.  153) ____________ 154) Longitudinal folds of the stomach mucosa are called ________. 154) ____________ TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 155) The vermiform appendix is suspended from the cecum. 155) _____ 156) The terms taste bud and papillae are synonymous. 156) _____ 157) The lesser omentum directly attaches the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall. 157) _____ 158) The pancreas and duodenum are secondarily retroperitoneal organs. 158) _____ 159) Most of the ascending colon lies between the subcostal and transtubercular planes. 159) _____ 160) From the lumen outward, the layers of the gastrointestinal tract are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. 160) _____ 161) The most superficial layer of the esophagus is the serosa. 161) _____ 162) Smooth muscle fibers differ from skeletal muscle in that they do not contain contractile myofilaments. 162) _____ 163) Stretching of the anal sphincter initiates the defecation reflex. 163) _____ 164) Villi are cytoplasmic projections on the surface of intestinal absorptive cells. 164) _____ 165) Chief cells of the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen. 165) _____ 166) Hepatic portal blood is mixed with blood from the hepatic artery in the liver. 166) _____ 167) The small intestines contain bacteria that synthesize some essential vitamins. 167) _____ 168) A gallstone lodged in the cystic duct may also cause blockage of the pancreas. 168) _____ 169) The sinusoids of the liver lobule receive blood from the portal arteriole and deliver blood to the portal venule. 169) _____ SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 170) Identify the highlighted structure. 170) ____________ 171) Identify the highlighted structure. 171) ____________ 172) Identify the highlighted structure. 172) ____________ 173) The highlighted structure includes strips of longitudinal smooth muscle that create haustra when they constrict. What are these strips of muscle called? 173) ____________ 174) Identify the highlighted structure. 174) ____________ 175) Identify the highlighted structure. 175) ____________ 176) The highlighted structure is lined by what type of epithelium? 176) ____________ 177) Identify the highlighted structure. 177) ____________ 178) Identify the highlighted structure. 178) ____________ 179) Identify the highlighted cell. 179) ____________ 180) The highlighted structure attaches at which curvature of the stomach? 180) ____________ 181) Identify the highlighted structure. 181) ____________ 182) Identify the highlighted structure. 182) ____________ 183) How many total molars are found in permanent dentition? 183) ____________ 184) Identify the highlighted layer. 184) ____________ 185) Identify the highlighted structure. 185) ____________ 186) Identify the highlighted structure. 186) ____________ 187) Identify the highlighted structure. 187) ____________ 188) Identify the highlighted lobe of the liver. 188) ____________ 189) Identify the highlighted lobe of the liver. 189) ____________ 190) Identify the highlighted structures. 190) ____________ 191) Identify the highlighted structure. 191) ____________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 192) Which structure is highlighted? 192) _____ A) common hepatic duct B) bile duct C) cystic duct D) main pancreatic duct 193) What is produced and secreted by the exocrine cells of the pancreas? 193) _____ A) secretin B) gastrin C) cholecystokinin D) pancreatic juice 194) Which tooth type is highlighted? 194) _____ A) premolar B) molar C) incisor D) canine 195) Which region of the stomach is highlighted? 195) _____ A) body B) pyloric C) fundus D) cardiac 196) Which structure is highlighted? 196) _____ A) pyloric sphincter B) cardiac sphincter C) rugae D) fundus 197) Which lobe of the liver is highlighted? 197) _____ A) left B) right C) caudate D) quadrate 198) Which structure is highlighted? 198) _____ A) cystic duct B) common bile duct C) main pancreatic duct D) common hepatic duct 199) Which structure is highlighted? 199) _____ A) enamel B) pulp C) crown D) dentin 200) Which region of the stomach is highlighted? 200) _____ A) fundus B) body C) cardiac D) pylorus 201) Which region of the pancreas is highlighted? 201) _____ A) body B) fundus C) tail D) head 202) What is a function of the highlighted vessel? 202) _____ A) to carry nutrient-poor and oxygen-poor blood to the hepatocytes of the liver B) to carry nutrient-rich but oxygen-poor blood to the hepatocytes of the liver C) to carry nutrient-poor but oxygen-rich blood to the hepatocytes of the liver D) to carry nutrient-rich and oxygen-rich blood to the hepatocytes of the liver 203) How many of the highlighted type of tooth would be found in permanent dentition? 203) _____ A) four B) twelve C) eight D) six 204) Which structure is highlighted? 204) _____ A) esophagus B) duodenum C) jejunum D) pancreas 205) Which structure is highlighted? 205) _____ A) muscularis mucosa B) blood capillary C) lacteal D) villus 206) Which structure is highlighted? 206) _____ A) stomach B) pancreas C) large intestine D) jejunum 207) What structure sits atop the superior surface of the highlighted structure? 207) _____ A) stomach B) gallbladder C) transverse colon D) diaphragm 208) Which structure of the stomach is highlighted? 208) _____ A) fundus B) lesser curvature C) rugae D) greater curvature 209) Which structure is highlighted? 209) _____ A) common hepatic duct B) ligamentum teres C) falciform ligament D) cystic duct 210) Which structure is highlighted? 210) _____ A) laryngopharynx B) oral cavity C) nasopharynx D) oropharynx 211) Which structure is highlighted? 211) _____ A) simple columnar epithelium B) muscularis mucosae C) lamina propria D) lacteal 1) E 2) E 3) B 4) E 5) E 6) B 7) E 8) E 9) B 10) B 11) B 12) D 13) D 14) E 15) B 16) B 17) E 18) B 19) A 20) D 21) C 22) E 23) C 24) D 25) B 26) B 27) A 28) A 29) A 30) E 31) C 32) D 33) B 34) C 35) C 36) C 37) D 38) E 39) C 40) C 41) C 42) B 43) C 44) A 45) E 46) D 47) E 48) C 49) D 50) A 51) E 52) A 53) D 54) B 55) A 56) E 57) C 58) E 59) D 60) B 61) D 62) B 63) C 64) A 65) E 66) D 67) B 68) E 69) A 70) C 71) D 72) B 73) D 74) E 75) C 76) C 77) C 78) A 79) B 80) A 81) A 82) D 83) A 84) D 85) D 86) A 87) A 88) C 89) C 90) B 91) A 92) C 93) B 94) B 95) C 96) C 97) D 98) B 99) D 100) C 101) B 102) B 103) D 104) A 105) D 106) C 107) D 108) A 109) A 110) D 111) A 112) C 113) A 114) C 115) B 116) C 117) B 118) D 119) D 120) D 121) C 122) D 123) D 124) D 125) C 126) B 127) A 128) A 129) C 130) A 131) C 132) D 133) C 134) D 135) Plicae circulares or circular folds are large, 1-cm-high transverse folds of the small intestine. The surface of these folds has fingerlike projections called villi. They are approximately 1-mm-tall extensions of the mucosa that contain blood vessels and lacteals. The epithelial layer covering these villi consists of columnar absorptive cells each having mircovilli extensions on their apical surface. 136) The intrinsic muscles are confined within the tongue and are not attached to bone. They are responsible for changing the shape of the tongue but not its position in the mouth. This latter function belongs to the extrinsic muscles that are attached to bone. The genioglossus is responsible for protracting, retracting, and lateral movements of the tongue. The intrinsic muscles are arranged in transverse, longitudinal, and vertical layers, allowing the tongue to change shape while chewing and speaking. 137) Answer: A mesentery consists of two serous membranes that sandwich blood vessels and nerves in between. The mesentery extends from the abdominal wall to intraperitoneal organs, supporting the organs and fixing them to the wall. The two ventral mesenteries are the falciform ligament, which attaches the liver to the anterior wall and diaphragm, and the lesser omentum, which attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver. The dorsal mesenteries include the greater omentum, mesentery proper, transverse mesocolon, and sigmoid mesocolon. The greater omentum attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall. The mesentery proper connects the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall. The two mesocolons attach to the region of the colon for which they are named. 138) The enteric nerve plexus consists of neurons located entirely within the walls of the GI tract. These neurons form reflex arcs that can function independently from the central nervous system. The enteric plexus includes neurons from both the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. The submucosal nerve plexus, located in the submucosa, innervates the secretory glands of the mucosa. It also causes some movements of the mucosa. The myenteric nerve plexus lies in the muscularis layer of the tract. It controls peristalsis and segmentation. 139) In a hiatal hernia, the cardiac region of the stomach pushes superiorly through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity. Without the reinforcement of the surrounding diaphragmatic muscles, the effectiveness of the cardiac sphincter declines, and digestive juices are able to regurgitate from the stomach into the esophagus. This regurgitation and the associated inflammation and pain are called gastroesophageal reflux disease. 140) lamina propria 141) common hepatic 142) sinusoids 143) splenic flexure 144) cardiac 145) cement 146) hepatic portal veins 147) oral vestibule 148) dense bodies 149) hypogastric 150) Diverticulitis 151) Crohn's disease 152) deciduous 153) pharyngeal constrictor 154) rugae 155) TRUE 156) FALSE 157) FALSE 158) TRUE 159) TRUE 160) TRUE 161) FALSE 162) FALSE 163) FALSE 164) FALSE 165) TRUE 166) TRUE 167) TRUE 168) FALSE 169) FALSE 170) ascending colon 171) cecum 172) cystic duct 173) teniae coli 174) duodenum 175) enamel 176) stratified squamous 177) esophagus 178) gallbladder 179) goblet cell 180) greater 181) ileum 182) liver 183) 12 184) muscularis mucosae 185) pancreas 186) premolar 187) pyloric sphincter 188) quadrate 189) right lobe 190) rugae 191) stomach 192) B 193) D 194) D 195) D 196) B 197) C 198) D 199) D 200) A 201) D 202) B 203) C 204) C 205) C 206) C 207) D 208) B 209) B 210) D 211) A