Digestive and Respiratory Systems Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

  • To obtain oxygen from the air
  • To expel waste substances from the body
  • To distribute oxygen throughout the body
  • To transform food into nutrients for cells (correct)

Which system is responsible for obtaining oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide?

  • The excretory system
  • The circulatory system
  • The respiratory system (correct)
  • The digestive system

What is the role of the circulatory system?

  • To process food into nutrients.
  • To eliminate waste substances from the body.
  • To distribute nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. (correct)
  • To secrete digestive juices into the digestive tube

Which system is primarily responsible for removing waste products from the body?

<p>The excretory system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the digestive tract?

<p>The liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food?

<p>The mucosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the digestive glands responsible for?

<p>Secreting digestive juices into the digestive tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the digestive tract is comprised of smooth muscle?

<p>The muscularis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the transformation of food into simple nutrients?

<p>Digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of incisor teeth?

<p>Cutting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of premolar teeth?

<p>Grinding food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cardia in the stomach?

<p>To prevent food from flowing back into the esophogus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pylorus?

<p>To control the passage of food into the small intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the acidic environment in the stomach?

<p>To activate pepsinogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which teeth are characterized by having 3 or 4 protuberances?

<p>Molars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system mechanically breaks down food?

<p>Mouth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sodium bicarbonate in the small intestine?

<p>To neutralize chyme acid and create an alkaline environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is primarily responsible for emulsifying lipids?

<p>Bile acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do monosaccharides and amino acids enter the body after intestinal absorption?

<p>Blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is directly connected to the appendix?

<p>Cecum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the colon is responsible for creating pouches along its length?

<p>Teniae coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

What does the digestive system do?

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that cells can use.

What does the respiratory system do?

The respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

What does the circulatory system do?

The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and removes waste products.

What does the excretory system do?

The excretory system removes waste products from the body.

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What is the digestive tract?

The digestive tract is a long tube that begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. It is made up of three layers: mucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

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What are digestive glands?

Digestive glands secrete juices into the digestive tract, helping break down food. Examples include salivary glands, gastric glands, intestinal glands, liver, and pancreas.

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What are nutrients?

Essential substances needed by living things for survival.

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What are the parts of the digestive tract?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

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Digestion

The breakdown of food into simpler substances that the body can absorb and utilize for energy and growth.

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Mastication

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces by chewing, making it easier to swallow and increasing its surface area for enzymatic digestion.

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Types of Teeth

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

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Insalivation

The mixing of food with saliva in the mouth, which moistens the food, lubricates it for swallowing, and begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates.

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Deglutition

The process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach through sequential muscle contractions in the pharynx and esophagus.

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Cardia

The first part of the stomach that connects with the esophagus, preventing the backflow of food.

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Pylorus

The lowermost portion of the stomach that regulates the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine.

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Gastric Digestion

The stomach lining produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) that activates pepsinogen, making the stomach environment highly acidic (pH around 2).

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Pepsin

A digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides, working optimally in the acidic environment of the stomach.

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Pancreatic amylase

A digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas, working in the small intestine to break down starch into simple sugars (monosaccharides).

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Small Intestine: Villi

A key part of the small intestine, composed of finger-like projections called villi. They increase surface area to maximize nutrient absorption.

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Bile

A substance produced by the liver, essential for lipid digestion, helping break down large fat globules into smaller droplets. This increases surface area for enzymatic activity.

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Rectum

The final section of the large intestine, where waste materials are stored before elimination.

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Study Notes

Digestive System

  • The digestive system processes and transforms food to extract nutrients usable by cells.
  • It includes the mouth, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.
  • The mouth is the start of digestion with mastication (chewing) and insalivation (mixing with saliva).
  • Saliva contains enzymes like salivary amylase to begin the breakdown of carbohydrates.
  • The stomach uses gastric juice, including hydrochloric acid and pepsin, to continue breaking down food, primarily proteins.
  • In the small intestine, digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver further break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into absorbable molecules.
  • The small intestine absorbs these nutrients into the bloodstream through finger-like villi.
  • The large intestine absorbs water and minerals, forming feces.

Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
  • It includes the lungs, airways, and associated structures.
  • The lungs are the primary organs for gas exchange.
  • Inhalation brings air into the lungs, and exhalation releases air.
  • The respiratory system's fundamental function is to supply oxygen to the body cells and rid them of carbon dioxide.

Nutrition

  • Nutrients are substances living things need for energy, growth, and maintenance.
  • Nutrients are absorbed and transported through the circulatory system.
  • The digestive system breaks down food into absorbable nutrients.
  • Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

Cellular Respiration vs. Ventilation

  • Cellular respiration is the process where cells use oxygen to release energy from food.
  • Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs, which provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration.

Digestive Functions

  • Ingestion: Taking food into the digestive tract.
  • Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking down food into smaller pieces (chewing, churning).
  • Chemical Digestion: Breaking down complex food molecules into simpler absorbable molecules using enzymes.
  • Absorption: Passing digested nutrients into the bloodstream.
  • Defecation: Eliminating undigested food.

Organs of the Digestive System

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gallbladder

Organs of the Respiratory System

  • Lungs
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli

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