Digestion, Absorption, and Transport Chapter
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Questions and Answers

What are the five basic taste sensations?

  • Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory
  • Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and spicy
  • Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (correct)
  • Sweet, tart, bitter, salty, and tangy

    • What does the epiglottis do?

    The epiglottis guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it when a person swallows.

    What is the name of the semiliquid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach into the duodenum?

    Chyme

    What is the name of the muscular tube that extends from the mouth, through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum to the anus?

    <p>The gastrointestinal (GI) tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH of gastric juice is between 1.5 and 1.7.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pancreas secrete?

    <p>Pancreatic juice. It contains enzymes that act on all three energy nutrients, as well as sodium bicarbonate for neutralizing acidic chyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

    <p>Storing bile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small intestine is the major site of digestion and absorption of food.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the valve that separates the small intestine from the large intestine?

    <p>The ileocecal valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The large intestine is also known as the colon.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of muscular action that help move chyme through the small intestine?

    <p>Segmentation and peristalsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered a GI problem?

    <p>Allergic reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the universal distress signal for choking?

    <p>The universal distress signal for choking is to clutch your throat with one hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of ulcers?

    <p>H. pylori, also known as Helicobacter pylori, is a bacterium that infects the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A gluten-free diet is beneficial for the general population.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where blood flow to the intestines is diminished?

    <p>Intestinal ischemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "homeostasis" mean?

    <p>Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of a healthy GI tract?

    <p>The three components of a healthy GI tract are bacteria, hormones, and nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-fiber diets can help prevent and treat constipation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a good way to help prevent heartburn?

    <p>Eat spicy foods (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constipation is a disease.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is important to be aware of the universal distress signal for choking because it can help you recognize and respond to a choking emergency.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three dietary strategies that may help prevent constipation?

    <p>Three dietary strategies to help prevent constipation are eating a high-fiber diet, drinking plenty of water, and eating prunes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for vomiting?

    <p>Loud noises (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diarrhea is a symptom of food poisoning.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best treatment for diarrhea is to drink plenty of liquids to prevent dehydration.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress can exacerbate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colitis is a common digestive problem that can be easily treated with over-the-counter medication.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constipation is always a sign of a serious medical problem.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of treatment for ulcers?

    <p>To prevent recurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A gluten-free diet is often recommended for people with allergies.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heartburn and indigestion are the same thing.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Over-the-counter antacids and acid controllers are a good long-term solution for managing heartburn.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is possible to prevent choking by cutting foods into small pieces.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If someone is choking, you should immediately hit them on the back to try and dislodge the object.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Digestion

    The process of breaking down food into absorbable nutrients.

    Absorption

    The uptake of nutrients by intestinal cells into the blood or lymph.

    GI Tract

    The flexible muscular tube from mouth to anus involved in digestion.

    Chyme

    A semiliquid mass of partially digested food in the stomach.

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    Peristalsis

    Wavelike muscular contractions that push contents through the GI tract.

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    Segmentation

    Periodic squeezing of the intestine to mix chyme with digestive juices.

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    Sphincter

    A circular muscle that controls passage between organs in the GI tract.

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    Saliva

    Fluid produced by salivary glands that begins carbohydrate digestion.

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    Gastric Juice

    A mixture of water, enzymes, and acid in the stomach that digests food.

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    Bile

    A substance produced by the liver that aids in fat digestion.

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    Pancreatic Juice

    Fluid containing enzymes from the pancreas that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

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    Small Intestine

    The major site for digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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    Large Intestine

    The part of the GI tract that absorbs water and forms waste.

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    Bolus

    A swallowed portion of food that has been chewed.

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    Motility

    The spontaneous movement of the GI tract aiding in digestion.

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    Digestive Enzymes

    Proteins that facilitate the breakdown of food into smaller particles.

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    Hydrolysis

    Chemical reaction where water is used to split molecules during digestion.

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    Fiber

    The undigestable part of food that aids in digestion; helps form stool.

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    Rectum

    The muscular terminal part of the intestine before the anus.

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    Anus

    The opening at the end of the digestive tract for waste excretion.

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    Gastric Lipase

    A stomach enzyme that helps digest fats.

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    Protease

    An enzyme that digests protein into smaller peptides and amino acids.

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    Carbohydrase

    An enzyme that hydrolyzes carbohydrates into sugars.

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    Ileocecal Valve

    A sphincter controlling passage from the small to the large intestine.

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    Lipase

    An enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

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    Gallbladder

    Organ that stores bile until it’s needed for digestion.

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    Sphincter Function

    Controls entry and exit of substances in the GI tract.

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    Mastication

    The process of chewing food to prepare for swallowing.

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    Nutrient Routing

    The path nutrients take from the GI tract into the body.

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    Study Notes

    Digestion, Absorption, and Transport

    • This chapter outlines the journey of food through the digestive system, focusing on digestion, absorption, and transport of nutrients.
    • Each stage is described, starting from ingestion to elimination of waste.
    • The digestive system is a complex network of organs, muscles, and secretions that work together to break down food into its constituent nutrients.
    • Digestion is the process of mechanically and chemically breaking down food molecules into absorbable units.
    • Absorption is the process by which the cells of the small intestine take up nutrients and transport them to the bloodstream or lymphatic system for distribution to other parts of the body.
    • The circulatory and lymphatic systems play crucial roles in transporting nutrients.
    • Bacteria, hormones, and nerves regulate the health and activities of the GI tract, ensuring optimal function.
    • Common digestive problems such as choking, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), colitis, and ulcers are discussed, including their possible causes and strategies for prevention or alleviation.
    • Healthy lifestyle choices such as eating slowly, chewing well, maintaining a balanced diet, adequate rest, and regular physical activity can support optimal GI function.
    • The anatomical details of the intestinal cells are explained, emphasizing how they facilitate nutrient absorption via simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport.

    Anatomy of the Digestive Tract

    • The GI tract is a continuous muscular tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
    • It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
    • Key anatomical structures along the tract are detailed (e.g., esophageal sphincters, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve) and their function in regulating the flow of food.

    Digestion

    • Digestion begins in the mouth with mechanical breakdown (chewing) and chemical breakdown (saliva enzymes).
    • The esophagus moves food to the stomach.
    • The stomach mixes and churns food with gastric juices.
    • The small intestine further digests and absorbs nutrients, aided by secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
    • The large intestine absorbs water and minerals.
    • Digestion ultimately transforms food macromolecules into absorbable units.

    Absorption

    • The small intestine's specialized structure (villi and microvilli) maximizes surface area for nutrient absorption.
    • Different methods of absorption (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis) are involved depending on the nutrient.
    • Nutrients are absorbed into either the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.

    The Circulatory Systems

    • The vascular system (blood circulatory system) transports water-soluble nutrients to the liver and then to other body parts.
    • The lymphatic system transports fat-soluble nutrients, bypassing the liver initially.
    • The hepatic portal vein carries nutrients from the GI tract to the liver before general circulation.
    • The hepatic vein returns blood from the liver to the heart.

    The Health and Regulation of the GI Tract

    • Bacteria, hormones, and nerves regulate GI tract function.
    • Microbes play a key role in digestive health.
    • Hormones like gastrin and secretin regulate various digestive functions.
    • Nerve pathways coordinate digestive processes.
    • Factors impacting GI health (e.g., diet, stress, medications) are discussed.

    Common Digestive Problems

    • Common issues like choking, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, IBS, colitis, and ulcers are explained along with potential causes, preventing measures, and treatment options.

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    Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition Chapter 3 PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the intricate processes of digestion, absorption, and nutrient transport within the human digestive system. It covers the journey of food from ingestion to waste elimination and the roles of various organs and systems in this process. Test your knowledge on how nutrients are absorbed and transported throughout the body.

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