Podcast
Questions and Answers
The ______ stage refers to the emotions in the course of acquiring a foreign language.
The ______ stage refers to the emotions in the course of acquiring a foreign language.
affective
One of the learner differences is the ______ repertoire, which refers to the range of languages a learner knows.
One of the learner differences is the ______ repertoire, which refers to the range of languages a learner knows.
language
The Pygmalion effect is an example of a ______ prophecy, where a teacher's expectations influence a student's performance.
The Pygmalion effect is an example of a ______ prophecy, where a teacher's expectations influence a student's performance.
self-fulfilling
According to the content, diversity in the classroom should not always be seen as a ______ but rather as a challenge and a resource.
According to the content, diversity in the classroom should not always be seen as a ______ but rather as a challenge and a resource.
Signup and view all the answers
Learner differences include ______ capital, which refers to the learner's economic background.
Learner differences include ______ capital, which refers to the learner's economic background.
Signup and view all the answers
One of the implications for teachers is being aware of learners' different ______.
One of the implications for teachers is being aware of learners' different ______.
Signup and view all the answers
To create a safe space, teachers should ______ trust.
To create a safe space, teachers should ______ trust.
Signup and view all the answers
In cooperative learning, students work in ______ or buddy systems.
In cooperative learning, students work in ______ or buddy systems.
Signup and view all the answers
Learner orientation in FLT means making language teaching ______ to the learners.
Learner orientation in FLT means making language teaching ______ to the learners.
Signup and view all the answers
The goal of learner orientation is to foster ______ autonomy with respect to its functional and critical aspect.
The goal of learner orientation is to foster ______ autonomy with respect to its functional and critical aspect.
Signup and view all the answers
Since the 21st Century, education has shifted from being ______-centred to learner-centred.
Since the 21st Century, education has shifted from being ______-centred to learner-centred.
Signup and view all the answers
The focus of education has shifted from knowledge and ______ to analysis and synthesis.
The focus of education has shifted from knowledge and ______ to analysis and synthesis.
Signup and view all the answers
Education has shifted from being ______-driven to project-driven.
Education has shifted from being ______-driven to project-driven.
Signup and view all the answers
The 21st Century education paradigm values ______ and collaborative learning.
The 21st Century education paradigm values ______ and collaborative learning.
Signup and view all the answers
The Grammar-Translation Method involves teaching the structures of the language ______.
The Grammar-Translation Method involves teaching the structures of the language ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The Direct Method involves using the ______ language only.
The Direct Method involves using the ______ language only.
Signup and view all the answers
The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach emerged in the ______ decade.
The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach emerged in the ______ decade.
Signup and view all the answers
The Audiolingual/Audiovisual Method is based on the principles of ______.
The Audiolingual/Audiovisual Method is based on the principles of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL) involves focusing on ______ tasks with real-life and problem-solving goals.
Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL) involves focusing on ______ tasks with real-life and problem-solving goals.
Signup and view all the answers
According to CLT, teaching should be oriented around ______ situations of language in use and functional contexts.
According to CLT, teaching should be oriented around ______ situations of language in use and functional contexts.
Signup and view all the answers
The output hypothesis in CLT suggests that learners' ______ and interaction matter as well.
The output hypothesis in CLT suggests that learners' ______ and interaction matter as well.
Signup and view all the answers
In TBLL, the teacher provides ______ to help learners work on the task.
In TBLL, the teacher provides ______ to help learners work on the task.
Signup and view all the answers
Differentiation refers to the adaption of teaching ______, contents, support, social forms and methods to individual learner needs.
Differentiation refers to the adaption of teaching ______, contents, support, social forms and methods to individual learner needs.
Signup and view all the answers
Internal differentiation is located on the level of ______ decisions made for the classroom.
Internal differentiation is located on the level of ______ decisions made for the classroom.
Signup and view all the answers
Differentiation means that decisions relating to teaching and learning are fine-tuned in such a way that all learners with their individual differences can learn, grow, and ______.
Differentiation means that decisions relating to teaching and learning are fine-tuned in such a way that all learners with their individual differences can learn, grow, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
External differentiation includes differentiation in ______ types (MS, RS, GYM, Förderschule).
External differentiation includes differentiation in ______ types (MS, RS, GYM, Förderschule).
Signup and view all the answers
Differentiation makes use of language learning arrangements which allow students in a classroom to make the best possible progress in relation to their individual ______ and skills.
Differentiation makes use of language learning arrangements which allow students in a classroom to make the best possible progress in relation to their individual ______ and skills.
Signup and view all the answers
Individualisation requires a high degree of ______ and openness (autonomy).
Individualisation requires a high degree of ______ and openness (autonomy).
Signup and view all the answers
Teaching the same content/competences while taking individual factors into account is an example of ______ differentiation.
Teaching the same content/competences while taking individual factors into account is an example of ______ differentiation.
Signup and view all the answers
Differentiation approaches are based on ______ must be based on diagnosis.
Differentiation approaches are based on ______ must be based on diagnosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Scaffolding is the planned and intentional provision of ______ resources.
Scaffolding is the planned and intentional provision of ______ resources.
Signup and view all the answers
Quantitative differentiation can involve the ______ of activities and material.
Quantitative differentiation can involve the ______ of activities and material.
Signup and view all the answers
Qualitative differentiation makes the same task more ______ for weaker students.
Qualitative differentiation makes the same task more ______ for weaker students.
Signup and view all the answers
Scaffolding is mainly a ______ differentiation measure.
Scaffolding is mainly a ______ differentiation measure.
Signup and view all the answers
Differentiation can be applied to ______ such as themes, tasks, and social arrangements.
Differentiation can be applied to ______ such as themes, tasks, and social arrangements.
Signup and view all the answers
Scaffolding resources can be used to provide a certain level of ______ to learners.
Scaffolding resources can be used to provide a certain level of ______ to learners.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Learner Differences
- Learners differ in various features, including:
- age
- socio-cultural background
- economic capital
- gender and sexual orientation
- language repertoire
- strategic repertoire
- experiences
- aptitude
- affective stage (emotions in the course of acquiring a foreign language)
- attitudes towards foreign languages
- beliefs about language acquisition and favorable conditions of the language classroom
- motivation
- cognitive style
- special needs
- These features are complex, not fixed, and can be influenced by teaching.
- Considering these features helps in managing specific classrooms and drawing practical conclusions.
- These features affect school achievements, leading to hierarchies and unequal chances.
Implications for Teachers
- Pygmalion effect (self-fulfilling prophecy) should be avoided.
- Teachers should be aware of different backgrounds.
- Diversity should be seen as a challenge and a resource, not a problem.
Dealing with Diversity in Class
- Create a safe space (build trust).
- Give positive and appreciative feedback.
- Use cooperative learning (group work) or buddy system (pair work).
- Incorporate creative activities (topics students can relate to).
- Use project work (intercultural, multilingual, mediation tasks).
- Make diversity a topic (include different perspectives and sources).
- Use experience-oriented learning.
- Foster learner autonomy with respect to its functional and critical aspects.
Education in the 21st Century: Paradigm Shift
- Shift from teacher-centered to learner-centered approach.
- Focus changed from product-oriented to process-oriented.
- Emphasis shifted from knowledge and comprehension to analysis and synthesis.
- From textbook-driven to project-driven.
- From receptive and isolated to productive and collaborative.
- From fragmented curriculum to interdisciplinary curriculum.
- From teacher assessment to self- and peer-assessment.
- From homogenizing to diversifying.
- From fragmented literacies to multiliteracies.
Teaching and Learning Approaches and Methods
- Learner Orientation:
- Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
- Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL)
- Collaboratives and Participatory Methods
- Other approaches:
- Grammar-Translation Method
- Direct Method
- Audiolingual/Audiovisual Method
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
- Rooted in the 1970s and 1980s.
- Paradigm shift in foreign language learning: learning a language by using it actively.
- Highlights real-life interaction as the goal of language learning.
- Input hypothesis: authentic, meaningful, and age-appropriate.
- Output hypothesis: learners' output and interaction matter.
- Basic principles of CLT:
- Teaching should be oriented around authentic situations of language in use and functional contexts.
- Creating opportunities for learners to interact with others, to focus on meaning, and to negotiate meaning.
Task-Based Language Learning (TBLL)
- Rooted since the 1980s.
- Action-oriented.
- Focus on language as a means of communication to solve a problem or work on a product.
- Involvement (relevant content).
- Interaction (cooperative learning).
- Holistic tasks with a focus on meaning.
- Process- and product-oriented performances.
- Form/structure is integrated through clarifying feedback or certain activities.
- Scaffolding to help learners work on the task.
Differentiation and Individualisation
- Definition: pedagogic-didactic response to the heterogeneity of learners in classrooms.
- Differentiation refers to the adaptation of teaching objectives, contents, support, social forms, and methods to individual learner needs.
Types of Differentiation
- External differentiation:
- Differentiation in school types.
- Differentiation into courses.
- Differentiation by school profile.
- Internal differentiation:
- Located on the level of didactic decisions made for the classroom.
- Teaching the same content/competences while taking individual factors into account.
- Offers but also requires a high degree of flexibility and openness (autonomy).
Elements of Teaching That Can Be Differentiated and Individualised
- Quantitative differentiation:
- Reduction of activities and material.
- Expansion of activities and material.
- Qualitative differentiation:
- Making the same task more accessible for weaker students.
- Examples: less complex sentences, smaller range of vocabulary, more task and language support.
- Other examples:
- Themes and content.
- Tasks.
- Social arrangements.
- Teaching methods.
- Material.
- Media.
- Procedures.
- Learning objectives.
- Product types (as the outcome of a task).
- Time given.
- Scaffolding resources.
- Level of guidance.
- Assessment.
- Learning strategies.
- Setting and space.
Scaffolding
- Planned and intentional provision of linguistic resources.
- Scaffolding to structure learning opportunities.
- Scaffolding based on text types/genre.
- Mainly a qualitative differentiation measure.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore various techniques for differentiating instruction in the classroom, including quantitative and qualitative methods to cater to diverse student needs and abilities.