Diagnostic DNA Tests Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of nucleic acids can be detected using this method?

  • Protein and RNA
  • Both DNA and RNA (correct)
  • Only DNA
  • Only RNA

Which type of nucleic acid is primarily analyzed with this method today?

  • DNA
  • Protein
  • RNA (correct)
  • Plasmids

What are the essential steps involved in this detection method?

  • Hybridization and drying
  • Electrophoresis and washing
  • Sequencing and amplification
  • Hybridization and washing (correct)

In what context is this method predominantly utilized?

<p>For RNA expression studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of washing in this method?

<p>To reduce non-specific binding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays?

<p>To check multiple RNA transcripts simultaneously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves tagging the cDNA for analysis in DNA microarray technology?

<p>Reverse transcriptase with fluorescent tagging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA microarray studies, which type of cells can be compared through gene expression profiling?

<p>Both healthy and pathological cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA isolation in the DNA microarray process?

<p>To prepare RNA for cDNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is specifically mentioned in the DNA microarray process for synthesizing cDNA?

<p>Reverse transcriptase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method was the first to be utilized in nucleic acid amplification?

<p>RT-PCR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the article reviewed?

<p>Short tandem repeat mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is known for being faster than RT-PCR?

<p>Isothermal nucleic acid amplification testing (iNAAT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the article published?

<p>2007 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the authors of the article?

<p>Vlacich, Roe, and Webb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of PCR-based methods?

<p>They are highly sensitive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of technology does the article particularly highlight?

<p>Microarrays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT used in nucleic acid amplification?

<p>Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What volume of the journal does this article appear in?

<p>Vol. 5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After RT-PCR, which method was mentioned as being utilized next?

<p>Isothermal nucleic acid amplification testing (iNAAT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology do most WHO-endorsed rapid TB tests utilize?

<p>Nucleic-Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding NAATs is true?

<p>Most rapid TB tests endorsed by WHO employ NAAT technology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of NAATs?

<p>They provide rapid results due to amplification of nucleic acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the effectiveness of NAATs in TB testing?

<p>They can detect infections even at low pathogen levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of using NAATs for TB diagnostics?

<p>They may provide false negative results in some cases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of advances in molecular biology in tuberculosis detection?

<p>They allow for rapid and accurate detection of MTBC and NTM. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mycobacteria can be detected using the enhanced molecular biology techniques?

<p>Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is specifically addressed by the advances in detection methods?

<p>Drug resistance profiles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using molecular biology in the detection of tuberculosis?

<p>It improves the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge in tuberculosis management is addressed by molecular detection techniques?

<p>The quick identification of drug-resistant strains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

RNA expression

A technique used to measure the amount of RNA in a sample.

Hybridization

A process where complementary strands of nucleic acids bind together.

Washing

A step in a molecular biology protocol to remove unbound material.

DNA and RNA

Types of nucleic acids.

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Detection

The act of identifying and measuring something.

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DNA microarray application

DNA microarray is used to study gene expression profiling.

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Gene expression profiling

A technique to analyze the RNA transcripts simultaneously.

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DNA microarray process

A method used to measure simultaneous RNA transcripts.

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Cell Culture

Growing cells in a controlled environment.

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RNA Isolation

Separating RNA from other cellular components.

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RT-PCR

A highly sensitive technique for detecting and quantifying RNA molecules. It involves reverse transcription of RNA into DNA, followed by PCR amplification.

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Isothermal NAAT (iNAAT)

A faster method for nucleic acid amplification, which occurs at a constant temperature. It is used for detecting specific DNA or RNA sequences.

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NGS

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a powerful technique that allows for the simultaneous sequencing of millions of DNA fragments. It is used for various applications, including pathogen identification and genetic analysis.

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PCR-based methods

Molecular biology techniques that rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying DNA sequences. These methods are highly sensitive and widely used for pathogen detection, genetic testing, and research.

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Why are PCR-based methods highly sensitive?

PCR-based methods are highly sensitive because they amplify target DNA sequences, making it possible to detect even very small amounts of genetic material in a sample.

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MTBC

A group of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis.

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Molecular biology techniques

Methods that use the principles of molecular biology to detect and analyze biological samples.

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Drug resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive and grow in the presence of antibiotics that would normally kill them.

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Rapid detection

The ability to quickly identify and confirm the presence of a specific organism or disease.

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WHO-endorsed TB tests

Rapid tests for tuberculosis that are officially recognized by the World Health Organization.

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Rapid TB tests

Tests that provide results quickly, often within a few hours, facilitating faster diagnosis and treatment.

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TB diagnosis

The process of identifying whether someone has tuberculosis, a serious bacterial infection.

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NAAT technology

A technology that utilizes Nucleic-Acid Amplification Tests, boosting the amount of genetic material to facilitate detection.

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What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are repeating sequences of DNA, typically 2-6 base pairs long, that are found throughout the genome. They are highly variable in their copy number, making them useful for individual identification and genetic analysis.

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What is STR mutation?

STR mutation refers to changes in the copy number of short tandem repeats. These mutations can be caused by errors during DNA replication or by other cellular processes. Mutations in STRs can lead to genetic disorders or be used for forensic analysis.

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Genomics

Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, including its genes, their functions, and interactions.

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Proteomics

Proteomics is the study of the complete set of proteins produced by an organism, including their structures, functions, and interactions.

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Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the application of computational tools and algorithms to analyze biological data, including genomic and proteomic data.

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Study Notes

Diagnostic DNA Tests

  • Diagnostic DNA tests detect genetic diseases through biochemical tests and genetic tests.
  • Amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling (CVS) are techniques used to collect samples for prenatal diagnosis, with counseling prior to the procedure.
  • Amniocentesis involves extracting amniotic fluid from the uterine cavity with a needle.
  • Chronic villus sampling (CVS) involves obtaining placental tissue samples.
  • Risk of fetal loss is higher with CVS than amniocentesis.
  • If the mother is Rh negative, administering anti-D Rh antibodies is necessary.
  • Biochemical tests detect genetic disorders by analyzing substrate levels or product deficiencies, such as in phenylketonuria (PKU).
  • PKU is a rare autosomal recessive disorder where phenylalanine accumulates, causing brain damage.
  • Early detection through a biochemical test enables implementing a therapeutic diet with low phenylalanine.
  • Genetic screening can detect gene mutations directly at the DNA level.
  • Genetic tests can be performed on any cell type at any point in the life cycle.
  • DNA tests enable early detection and prenatal diagnosis, offering significant advantages.
  • Methods for analyzing DNA include allele-specific cleavage, allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization, and allele-specific PCR.

PKU

  • PKU is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.
  • Consumed proteins break down into amino acids, including phenylalanine.
  • Accumulation of phenylalanine over time impacts brain development.
  • Early detection with phenylalanine measurement in blood samples informs a therapeutic diet.

Other DNA Techniques

  • Allele-specific cleavage is a PCR-based technique identifying gene mutations.
  • Variations in base sequences may alter DNA restriction sites and cause differing fragment lengths.
  • Analyzing these difference in length through gel electrophoresis allows for diagnosis.
  • Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization is an easier method for detecting gene mutations.
  • Fluorescent probes and hybridization steps allow for sequence identification.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) measures DNA quantities.
  • This method uses fluorescent dyes or probes bound to DNA during amplification (Real-time)

DNA Fingerprinting

  • DNA fingerprinting distinguishes individuals based on highly variable, polymorphic DNA sequences.
  • Polymorphic markers, like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short tandem repeats (STRs), differ among individuals.
  • STRs, also known as microsatellites, are simple repeated sequences.
  • PCR amplifies polymorphic sequences for analysis.
  • DNA fingerprinting is used in criminal investigations, forensic medicine, and paternity testing.

DNA Microarrays

  • DNA microarrays allow for the automated assessment of gene expression or DNA variations.
  • They are often used to quantify gene expression by examining both DNA and RNA.
  • RNA is often preferred, but DNA can be used.
  • The method assesses gene expression differences between disease and normal states.

Infectious Disease Diagnosis

  • DNA probes and PCR techniques identify infectious agents in biospecimens.
  • These detection methods require a targeted pathogen sequence and specific primers.

COVID-19 Detection

  • Molecular-based methods, including RT-PCR, are crucial for SARS-CoV-2 detection during epidemics, often being used to control the spread of the pathogen.
  • Isothermal nucleic acid amplification testing (INAAT) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) are alternative methods.

TB Detection

  • Advances in molecular biology facilitate TB diagnosis, particularly when microscopy results are negative.
  • Recommended tests include nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), used to diagnose TB, guiding treatment, and monitoring disease progression.

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Diagnostic DNA Tests 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the important aspects of diagnostic DNA tests, including techniques like amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling (CVS). Learn about genetic disorders, biochemical tests, and prenatal screening methods. Gain insights into the implications and procedures involved in genetic testing and diagnosis.

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