DNA Microarray and PCR Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the preferred sampling method for COVID-19 detection using PCR?

  • Saliva sample
  • Blood sample
  • Nasal and throat swab (correct)
  • Urine sample

    • What does a lower Ct value in RT-PCR indicate?

  • Positive COVID-19 case (correct)
  • Higher viral loads
  • Contamination in the sample
  • Negative COVID-19 case

    • What is the purpose of the TaqMan probe in RT-PCR?

  • To convert RNA to cDNA
  • To detect the virus genome in the patient sample (correct)
  • To isolate the RNA
  • To amplify the virus genome

    • What does a Ct value of 20 indicate in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?

    <p>Positive result with higher viral loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge for the TaqMan probe used in RT-PCR for COVID-19 detection?

    <p>Virus mutations affecting the probe's effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RT-PCR measure to monitor the severity of infection in COVID-19 patients?

    <p>Amount of fluorescence in the sample after each cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a signal comes after Ct 36 or 37, 38 in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?

    <p>The patient is negative for COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RT-PCR measure to monitor virus severity?

    <p>Number of cycles it takes in the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Ct value higher than 35 indicate in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?

    <p>Positive result with lower viral loads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation mentioned for RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?

    <p>Quality of kits used and different standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are DNA microarrays also known as?

    <p>DNA chips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of DNA microarray supports?

    <p>The size of a microscope slide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are DNA samples attached to DNA microarray supports?

    <p>Spotted, printed, or synthesized directly on to the support phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is photolithography in the context of DNA microarrays?

    <p>A chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides using light source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology underlies the development of DNA microarrays?

    <p>Genomics, PCR, and nucleic acid hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of DNA microarrays?

    <p>To allow rapid and simultaneous screening of many thousands of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which materials can be used to make DNA microarray supports?

    <p>Glass, plastic, or nylon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of DNA samples that can be attached to DNA microarray supports?

    <p>Gene-specific synthetic oligonucleotides (Photolithography) or cDNAs (RT-PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PCR in COVID-19 detection?

    <p>To amplify viral RNA for detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of DNA microarrays as a diagnostic tool?

    <p>They enable comprehensive gene screening for disease detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process used in genomic research?

    <p>PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to create DNA chips for gene amplification?

    <p>cDNAs and photolithography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction between oligonucleotides, such as probes used in gene cloning?

    <p>Nucleic acid hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microarray measures gene expression (mRNA) and is used to compare healthy and cancer cells?

    <p>Expression microarray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dyes are used to label mRNA for hybridization to the microarray?

    <p>(CY 3 and CY5) cyanin dyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence from a sample taken from a suspected individual for COVID-19 detection?

    <p>(RT-PCR) Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to detect damage or overexpression of genes associated with various conditions, including cancer?

    <p>Microarray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What competes with ssDNA in the microchip for hybridization during the microarray process?

    <p>Denatured cDNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is initially not designed for diagnostic purposes but has been extensively used for COVID-19 detection since 2020?

    <p>PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is isolated from samples taken for COVID-19 detection before being treated with chemicals to extract the viral genetic material RNA?

    <p>Viral RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Neostigmine and pyridostigmine?

    <p>Inhibit acetylcholinesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect associated with nondepolarizing blockers?

    <p>Bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuromuscular blocking drug has a rapid onset of 1 minute and a duration of action of 55 minutes?

    <p>Rocuronium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Baclofen, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?

    <p>GABAB agonist causing membrane hyper-polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action of Diazepam, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?

    <p>Facilitates GABAergic transmission in the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Tizanidine, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?

    <p>α2-Adrenoceptor agonist in the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Dantrolene, a directly-acting spasmolytic drug?

    <p>Blocks RyR1 Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action of Cyclobenzaprine, a drug for acute muscle spasm?

    <p>Acts in the brain stem, possibly by interfering with polysynaptic reflexes that maintain skeletal muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Baclofen, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?

    <p>Severe spasticity - cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily used for acute spasm due to muscle injury and inflammation?

    <p>Cyclobenzaprine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeletal muscle relaxant interferes with the transmission at the neuromuscular end plate?

    <p>Neuromuscular blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a prototype of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs?

    <p>D-tubocurarine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event characterizes Phase 1 of the depolarization block caused by succinylcholine?

    <p>Na channel inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of neuromuscular blockers releases histamine from mast cells?

    <p>Depolarizing blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeletal muscle relaxants is traditionally called 'centrally acting' muscle relaxants?

    <p>Directly-Acting Spasmolytic Drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used for short-term procedures and is associated with adverse drug reactions like hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia?

    <p>Mivacurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound can reverse the block caused by non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?

    <p>Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blockade at the end plate is due to desensitization of Ach Receptors?

    <p>Depolarizing blocker_3 phase 2 (desensitization block)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs reduce spasticity in a variety of painful conditions and are used for chronic back pain and painful fibromyalgias?

    <p>Centrally Acting Directly-Acting Spasmolytic Drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs interfere with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and are used for ICU and general anesthesia?

    <p>Neuromuscular blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Genomics involves the study of DNA structure, properties, replication, and more.
    • PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a process used in genomic research.
    • cDNAs and photolithography are used to create DNA chips, which are used in gene amplification.
    • Nucleic acid hybridization is the interaction between oligonucleotides, such as probes used in gene cloning.
    • DNA chips are single-stranded sequence and come in a kit containing a microchip with a barcode and a manual.
    • Microarray, also known as Affymetrix, comes in different types for gene expression, comparative genomic, and mutation detection.
    • Expression microarray measures gene expression (mRNA) and is used to compare healthy and cancer cells.
    • To perform microarray, collect tissue, isolate RNA, isolate mRNA, make labeled DNA copy, and apply DNA to the microarray.
    • Cyanin dyes (CY 3 and CY5) are used to label mRNA for hybridization to the microarray.
    • In the case of COVID-19 detection, RT-PCR is used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence from a sample taken from a suspected individual.
    • PCR was initially not designed for diagnostic purposes but has been used extensively for COVID-19 detection since 2020.
    • Samples for COVID-19 detection can be taken from the nose (nasopharyngeal swabs) or throat (oropharyngeal swabs) and are treated with chemicals to extract the viral genetic material RNA.
    • Microarray can be used to detect damage or overexpression of genes associated with various conditions, including cancer.
    • During the microarray process, denatured cDNA competes with ssDNA in the microchip for hybridization.
    • After the microarray is scanned, the data is analyzed to determine the presence or absence of gene expression in both the healthy and suspected samples.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on DNA microarrays and PCR techniques. Learn about the principles, importance, and application of DNA microarrays as a diagnostic tool, and explore the use of PCR in COVID-19 detection.

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