Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the preferred sampling method for COVID-19 detection using PCR?
What is the preferred sampling method for COVID-19 detection using PCR?
- Saliva sample
- Blood sample
- Nasal and throat swab (correct)
- Urine sample
What does a lower Ct value in RT-PCR indicate?
What does a lower Ct value in RT-PCR indicate?
- Positive COVID-19 case (correct)
- Higher viral loads
- Contamination in the sample
- Negative COVID-19 case
What is the purpose of the TaqMan probe in RT-PCR?
What is the purpose of the TaqMan probe in RT-PCR?
- To convert RNA to cDNA
- To detect the virus genome in the patient sample (correct)
- To isolate the RNA
- To amplify the virus genome
What does a Ct value of 20 indicate in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?
What does a Ct value of 20 indicate in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?
What is a challenge for the TaqMan probe used in RT-PCR for COVID-19 detection?
What is a challenge for the TaqMan probe used in RT-PCR for COVID-19 detection?
What does RT-PCR measure to monitor the severity of infection in COVID-19 patients?
What does RT-PCR measure to monitor the severity of infection in COVID-19 patients?
What happens if a signal comes after Ct 36 or 37, 38 in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?
What happens if a signal comes after Ct 36 or 37, 38 in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?
What does RT-PCR measure to monitor virus severity?
What does RT-PCR measure to monitor virus severity?
What does a Ct value higher than 35 indicate in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?
What does a Ct value higher than 35 indicate in RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?
What is one limitation mentioned for RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?
What is one limitation mentioned for RT-PCR testing for COVID-19?
What are DNA microarrays also known as?
What are DNA microarrays also known as?
What is the typical size of DNA microarray supports?
What is the typical size of DNA microarray supports?
How are DNA samples attached to DNA microarray supports?
How are DNA samples attached to DNA microarray supports?
What is photolithography in the context of DNA microarrays?
What is photolithography in the context of DNA microarrays?
What technology underlies the development of DNA microarrays?
What technology underlies the development of DNA microarrays?
What is the main function of DNA microarrays?
What is the main function of DNA microarrays?
Which materials can be used to make DNA microarray supports?
Which materials can be used to make DNA microarray supports?
What are the two main types of DNA samples that can be attached to DNA microarray supports?
What are the two main types of DNA samples that can be attached to DNA microarray supports?
What is the purpose of PCR in COVID-19 detection?
What is the purpose of PCR in COVID-19 detection?
What is the significance of DNA microarrays as a diagnostic tool?
What is the significance of DNA microarrays as a diagnostic tool?
What is the process used in genomic research?
What is the process used in genomic research?
What is used to create DNA chips for gene amplification?
What is used to create DNA chips for gene amplification?
What is the interaction between oligonucleotides, such as probes used in gene cloning?
What is the interaction between oligonucleotides, such as probes used in gene cloning?
What type of microarray measures gene expression (mRNA) and is used to compare healthy and cancer cells?
What type of microarray measures gene expression (mRNA) and is used to compare healthy and cancer cells?
What dyes are used to label mRNA for hybridization to the microarray?
What dyes are used to label mRNA for hybridization to the microarray?
What is used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence from a sample taken from a suspected individual for COVID-19 detection?
What is used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence from a sample taken from a suspected individual for COVID-19 detection?
What can be used to detect damage or overexpression of genes associated with various conditions, including cancer?
What can be used to detect damage or overexpression of genes associated with various conditions, including cancer?
What competes with ssDNA in the microchip for hybridization during the microarray process?
What competes with ssDNA in the microchip for hybridization during the microarray process?
What is initially not designed for diagnostic purposes but has been extensively used for COVID-19 detection since 2020?
What is initially not designed for diagnostic purposes but has been extensively used for COVID-19 detection since 2020?
What is isolated from samples taken for COVID-19 detection before being treated with chemicals to extract the viral genetic material RNA?
What is isolated from samples taken for COVID-19 detection before being treated with chemicals to extract the viral genetic material RNA?
What is the main function of Neostigmine and pyridostigmine?
What is the main function of Neostigmine and pyridostigmine?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with nondepolarizing blockers?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with nondepolarizing blockers?
Which neuromuscular blocking drug has a rapid onset of 1 minute and a duration of action of 55 minutes?
Which neuromuscular blocking drug has a rapid onset of 1 minute and a duration of action of 55 minutes?
What is the mode of action of Baclofen, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the mode of action of Baclofen, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the primary mode of action of Diazepam, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the primary mode of action of Diazepam, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the mode of action of Tizanidine, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the mode of action of Tizanidine, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the mode of action of Dantrolene, a directly-acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the mode of action of Dantrolene, a directly-acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the primary mode of action of Cyclobenzaprine, a drug for acute muscle spasm?
What is the primary mode of action of Cyclobenzaprine, a drug for acute muscle spasm?
What is the primary use of Baclofen, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?
What is the primary use of Baclofen, a centrally acting spasmolytic drug?
Which drug is primarily used for acute spasm due to muscle injury and inflammation?
Which drug is primarily used for acute spasm due to muscle injury and inflammation?
Which type of skeletal muscle relaxant interferes with the transmission at the neuromuscular end plate?
Which type of skeletal muscle relaxant interferes with the transmission at the neuromuscular end plate?
Which drug is a prototype of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs?
Which drug is a prototype of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs?
Which event characterizes Phase 1 of the depolarization block caused by succinylcholine?
Which event characterizes Phase 1 of the depolarization block caused by succinylcholine?
Which class of neuromuscular blockers releases histamine from mast cells?
Which class of neuromuscular blockers releases histamine from mast cells?
Which type of skeletal muscle relaxants is traditionally called 'centrally acting' muscle relaxants?
Which type of skeletal muscle relaxants is traditionally called 'centrally acting' muscle relaxants?
Which drug is used for short-term procedures and is associated with adverse drug reactions like hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia?
Which drug is used for short-term procedures and is associated with adverse drug reactions like hyperkalemia and malignant hyperthermia?
Which compound can reverse the block caused by non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?
Which compound can reverse the block caused by non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?
Which type of blockade at the end plate is due to desensitization of Ach Receptors?
Which type of blockade at the end plate is due to desensitization of Ach Receptors?
Which drugs reduce spasticity in a variety of painful conditions and are used for chronic back pain and painful fibromyalgias?
Which drugs reduce spasticity in a variety of painful conditions and are used for chronic back pain and painful fibromyalgias?
Which drugs interfere with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and are used for ICU and general anesthesia?
Which drugs interfere with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and are used for ICU and general anesthesia?
Flashcards
Nasal and throat swab
Nasal and throat swab
A type of swab that is used to collect samples from the nose and throat to detect COVID-19.
Lower Ct value in RT-PCR
Lower Ct value in RT-PCR
A lower Ct value indicates a higher viral load, suggesting a more active infection.
TaqMan probe in RT-PCR
TaqMan probe in RT-PCR
It binds to a specific sequence of the virus's genetic material and emits fluorescence when it binds, indicating the presence of the virus.
Ct value of 20 in RT-PCR
Ct value of 20 in RT-PCR
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Challenge with TaqMan probes
Challenge with TaqMan probes
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Monitoring infection severity in RT-PCR
Monitoring infection severity in RT-PCR
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Signal after Ct 36 or 37 in RT-PCR
Signal after Ct 36 or 37 in RT-PCR
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RT-PCR and virus severity
RT-PCR and virus severity
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Ct value higher than 35 in RT-PCR
Ct value higher than 35 in RT-PCR
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Limitation of RT-PCR for COVID-19
Limitation of RT-PCR for COVID-19
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DNA microarrays
DNA microarrays
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Size of DNA microarray supports
Size of DNA microarray supports
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DNA sample attachment on microarrays
DNA sample attachment on microarrays
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Photolithography in DNA microarrays
Photolithography in DNA microarrays
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Technology behind DNA microarrays
Technology behind DNA microarrays
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Main function DNA microarrays
Main function DNA microarrays
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Materials for DNA microarray supports
Materials for DNA microarray supports
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DNA samples on microarray supports
DNA samples on microarray supports
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Purpose of PCR in COVID-19 detection
Purpose of PCR in COVID-19 detection
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DNA microarrays as diagnostic tools
DNA microarrays as diagnostic tools
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PCR in genomic research
PCR in genomic research
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Creating DNA chips
Creating DNA chips
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Nucleic acid hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization
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Expression microarray
Expression microarray
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Dyes used for mRNA labeling
Dyes used for mRNA labeling
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RT-PCR for COVID-19 detection
RT-PCR for COVID-19 detection
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Microarray and disease detection
Microarray and disease detection
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Competition in the microarray
Competition in the microarray
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PCR for COVID-19 detection
PCR for COVID-19 detection
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Viral RNA in COVID-19 detection
Viral RNA in COVID-19 detection
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Study Notes
- Genomics involves the study of DNA structure, properties, replication, and more.
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a process used in genomic research.
- cDNAs and photolithography are used to create DNA chips, which are used in gene amplification.
- Nucleic acid hybridization is the interaction between oligonucleotides, such as probes used in gene cloning.
- DNA chips are single-stranded sequence and come in a kit containing a microchip with a barcode and a manual.
- Microarray, also known as Affymetrix, comes in different types for gene expression, comparative genomic, and mutation detection.
- Expression microarray measures gene expression (mRNA) and is used to compare healthy and cancer cells.
- To perform microarray, collect tissue, isolate RNA, isolate mRNA, make labeled DNA copy, and apply DNA to the microarray.
- Cyanin dyes (CY 3 and CY5) are used to label mRNA for hybridization to the microarray.
- In the case of COVID-19 detection, RT-PCR is used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence from a sample taken from a suspected individual.
- PCR was initially not designed for diagnostic purposes but has been used extensively for COVID-19 detection since 2020.
- Samples for COVID-19 detection can be taken from the nose (nasopharyngeal swabs) or throat (oropharyngeal swabs) and are treated with chemicals to extract the viral genetic material RNA.
- Microarray can be used to detect damage or overexpression of genes associated with various conditions, including cancer.
- During the microarray process, denatured cDNA competes with ssDNA in the microchip for hybridization.
- After the microarray is scanned, the data is analyzed to determine the presence or absence of gene expression in both the healthy and suspected samples.
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