89 Questions
Which gland is responsible for the production of growth hormone?
Pituitary gland
Which hormone is responsible for controlling the function of the thyroid gland?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Which component of the pituitary gland is responsible for the production of hormones?
Anterior lobe
What is the function of somatomedins?
To stimulate bone growth
Which two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin and vasopressin
What is the function of oxytocin?
Stimulates milk ejection from the breast
Where is ADH primarily active in the body?
Kidneys
What is the main function of ADH?
Osmoregulation
What is the hallmark symptom of diabetes insipidus?
Polyuria
Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone
What is the primary cause of acromegaly?
Excess growth hormone
What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?
Release of anti-diuretic hormone
What is the difference between negative and positive feedback?
Negative feedback decreases hormone secretion, while positive feedback increases hormone secretion.
What are the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes insipidus?
Excessive thirst, frequent urination, water deprivation test, hormone replacement therapy
Which of the following is a manifestation of Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
High serum osmolality
What is the treatment for mild cases of SIADH?
Fluid restriction
What is the most likely diagnosis for the patient with a large amount of urine output and low urine osmolality?
Diabetes Insipidus
What is the most likely cause of the patient's Diabetes Insipidus?
Head trauma
Which of the following is a treatment option for moderate cases of SIADH?
Diuretics
Which of the following can stimulate the secretion of growth hormone?
Increased blood levels of amino acids
What is the primary hormone that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
GHRH
Which of the following inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?
Increased glucose levels
What is the difference between primary GH deficiency and secondary GH deficiency?
Primary GH deficiency is due to deficient GH production, while secondary GH deficiency is due to a problem with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
Which of the following is associated with the GH deficiency syndrome in adults?
Central adiposity
Which hormone deficiency can be diagnosed in adults by measuring low levels of three or more pituitary hormones and low IGF-1 levels?
Growth hormone deficiency (GH deficiency)
What is the treatment of choice for growth hormone deficiency?
Growth hormone replacement therapy
What is the term used to describe excessive growth in height, muscles, and organs in children due to growth hormone excess before puberty?
Gigantism
What is the most common cause of acromegaly?
GH-secreting somatotrope adenoma in the pituitary gland
What is the recommended initial lab test for the diagnosis of acromegaly?
Serum IGF-1 testing
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
Decreased urine output
Which of the following hormones regulates the secretion of growth hormone?
Somatostatin
Which of the following is NOT a function of growth hormone (GH)?
Stimulating bone growth
Which component of the pituitary gland is responsible for the production of hormones?
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Which of the following can stimulate the secretion of growth hormone?
Increased blood levels of cortisol
Which of the following is a manifestation of GH deficiency in children?
Delayed bone age
What is the recommended initial lab test for the diagnosis of short stature?
Sequential height measurements
What is the most likely cause of GH deficiency in adults?
GH deficiency that developed during adulthood
Which of the following is associated with the GH deficiency syndrome in adults?
Increased visceral fat
Which of the following is the most common cause of acromegaly?
GH-secreting somatotrope adenoma in the pituitary gland
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
GHRH
What is the hallmark symptom of acromegaly?
Enlarged hands and feet
Which hormone deficiency can be diagnosed in adults by measuring low levels of three or more pituitary hormones and low IGF-1 levels?
GH deficiency
What is the treatment of choice for acromegaly?
Surgical removal of the tumor
Which of the following is a manifestation of Cushing's disease?
Hyperglycemia
What is the primary cause of Addison's disease?
Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands
Which of the following is a treatment option for Graves' disease?
Administration of radioactive iodine
What is the function of the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?
Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys
What is the difference between acromegaly and gigantism?
Acromegaly is characterized by excessive bone growth, while gigantism is characterized by excessive muscle growth
Which of the following is a manifestation of Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
Decreased urine output
What is the most likely cause of the patient's Diabetes Insipidus?
Decreased ADH hormone production
What is the primary hormone that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Which hormone deficiency can be diagnosed in adults by measuring low levels of three or more pituitary hormones and low IGF-1 levels?
Growth hormone deficiency
What is the treatment of choice for growth hormone deficiency?
Growth hormone replacement
Which hormone is responsible for controlling the function of the thyroid gland?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
What is the term used to describe excessive growth in height, muscles, and organs in children due to growth hormone excess before puberty?
Gigantism
What is the most common cause of acromegaly?
Excess secretion of growth hormone
What is the most likely diagnosis for the patient with a large amount of urine output and low urine osmolality?
Diabetes Insipidus
What is the primary hormone that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Which of the following stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
All of the above
Which of the following inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?
All of the above
Which of the following can lead to short stature in children?
IGF deficiency
What is the most common cause of short stature in children?
Secondary GH deficiency (panhypopituitarism)
What are the cardiovascular risk factors associated with GH deficiency in adults?
All of the above
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk ejection from the breast in response to suckling?
Oxytocin
What is the primary function of the posterior pituitary gland?
Secrete ADH
What is the main action of vasopressin on vascular smooth muscle?
Vasoconstriction
What is the effect of ADH on the renal collecting ducts?
Increased water reabsorption
What is the hallmark of diabetes insipidus?
Hypo-osmolality
Which of the following hormones is responsible for controlling the function of the adrenal glands?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypofunction of the endocrine glands?
Deficiency or lack of an enzyme needed for hormone synthesis
Which of the following hormones is responsible for milk production and breast growth?
Prolactin
Which of the following hormones enhances fatty acid mobilization and increases blood glucose levels?
Growth Hormone (GH)
Which of the following hormones inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?
Somatostatin
Which of the following hormones is responsible for water retention in Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What is the primary treatment goal for mild cases of SIADH?
Fluid restriction
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with a large amount of urine output and low urine osmolality?
Diabetes Insipidus
What is the primary hormone responsible for controlling the function of the thyroid gland?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
What is the primary cause of Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
Hypersecretion of ADH
Which of the following is a manifestation of GH deficiency in children?
Delayed puberty
What is the hallmark symptom of acromegaly?
Enlarged hands and feet
Which hormone deficiency can be diagnosed in adults by measuring low levels of three or more pituitary hormones and low IGF-1 levels?
Growth hormone deficiency
What is the function of the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?
Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys
What is the most likely cause of the patient's Diabetes Insipidus?
Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the diagnosis of GH deficiency in adults?
Two or more tests are usually performed to ensure accuracy in diagnosing GH deficiency.
Which of the following is a characteristic of pituitary gigantism?
All of the above.
Which of the following is the most common cause of acromegaly?
GH-secreting somatotrope adenoma in the pituitary gland.
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of acromegaly?
Delayed puberty.
Which of the following is the recommended initial lab test for diagnosing acromegaly?
Serum IGF-1 testing.
Study Notes
Pituitary Gland and Hormones
- The pituitary gland is responsible for the production of growth hormone, which is stimulated by the primary hormone GH-RH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone).
- The anterior pituitary gland produces hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, and follicle-stimulating hormone.
- The posterior pituitary gland produces and stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Growth Hormone
- Growth hormone is responsible for regulating growth and development in children and adolescents.
- GH-RH stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
- Somatomedins, also known as insulin-like growth factors, are produced in response to growth hormone and help regulate growth and development.
- Growth hormone deficiency can lead to short stature in children, while excess growth hormone can cause gigantism (before puberty) or acromegaly (after puberty).
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- ADH is responsible for regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys, which helps maintain proper blood osmolality.
- ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
- The primary function of ADH is to promote water retention and reduce urine output.
- Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by a lack of ADH, leading to excessive thirst and urination.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- TSH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates the function of the thyroid gland.
- TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, which are essential for metabolism and growth.
Acromegaly
- Acromegaly is a condition characterized by excess growth hormone production in adults, leading to abnormal growth and enlargement of organs and tissues.
- The most common cause of acromegaly is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland.
- Symptoms of acromegaly include joint pain, sleep apnea, and enlarged hands and feet.
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
- SIADH is a condition characterized by excess production of ADH, leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.
- Symptoms of SIADH include headache, nausea, and seizures.
- The primary treatment goal for SIADH is to correct hyponatremia and manage symptoms.
Diabetes Insipidus
- Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by a lack of ADH, leading to excessive thirst and urination.
- Symptoms of diabetes insipidus include polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia.
- The primary treatment goal for diabetes insipidus is to replace ADH and manage symptoms.
Other Hormones
- Oxytocin is responsible for stimulating milk ejection from the breast in response to suckling.
- Prolactin is responsible for milk production and breast growth.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is responsible for stimulating the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other hormones.
Test your knowledge on the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Learn about the key indicators such as low IGF-1 levels and subnormal serum GH responses to provocative stimuli.
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