Diabetes Type 1: Autoimmune Disorder

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of beta cell destruction in type one diabetes?

Macrophage mediated destruction

B cell mediated destruction

Neutrophil mediated destruction

T cell mediated destruction (correct)

What is the age range of peak onset for type one diabetes?

4-6 years (correct)

0-2 years

16-18 years

10-12 years

What is the most common type of diabetes?

Type two diabetes (correct)

MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young)

LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults)

Type one diabetes

What is the primary treatment for type one diabetes?

Lifelong insulin replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the life-threatening complication of diabetes that can occur in type one diabetes?

Diabetic ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between type one diabetes and human leukocyte antigens?

HLA-DQ, HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the common initial presentation of type one diabetes?

Diabetic ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the T cell mediated inflammation in type one diabetes?

Loss of insulin production Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes?

A chronic disorder with elevated blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin resistance?

When peripheral tissues do not respond to insulin Signup and view all the answers

Why is diabetes often referred to as a 'silent killer'?

Because it is often asymptomatic in the early stages Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for frequent urination caused by hyperglycemia?

Polyuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for increased thirst caused by hyperglycemia?

Polydipsia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for diabetes caused by low activity of anti-diuretic hormone?

Diabetes Insipidus Signup and view all the answers

How is diabetes mellitus diagnosed?

By measuring plasma glucose level Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the term 'mellitus' in diabetes mellitus?

Sweet Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of DKA?

Abdominal pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of high levels of ketone in the body?

An anion gap metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a fruity smell on the breath of DKA patients?

Due to the production of ketone bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low insulin and high glucagon levels on fatty acid metabolism?

Increased utilization of fatty acids for energy production Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a risk of hypophosphatemia in DKA?

Due to the shift of phosphate out of cells and into the extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the metabolism of fatty acids on acetyl-CoA?

Depletion of acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a significant phosphate loss in the urine of DKA patients?

Due to the osmotic diuresis caused by the high glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the respiratory response to the acidosis in DKA?

Hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to fast for eight hours before measuring a patient's blood glucose level?

Because blood sugar levels are typically low when fasting Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis for a patient with a fasting blood glucose level of 126?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring the plasma level of hemoglobin A1c?

To diagnose and monitor diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What happens when glucose molecules are added to the beta chains of hemoglobin?

Non-enzymatic glycation occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between plasma glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c?

Higher plasma glucose levels result in higher hemoglobin A1c levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the reaction that occurs when glucose combines with amino acids in the beta chains of hemoglobin?

Non-enzymatic glycation Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of glucose addition to the beta chains of hemoglobin?

Amino terminal Signup and view all the answers

Why is hemoglobin A1c a useful indicator of diabetes?

It reflects average blood glucose levels over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of diabetic neuropathy?

Sensory symptoms dominate Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body is most affected in diabetic neuropathy?

Feet and legs Signup and view all the answers

How does the sensation in diabetic neuropathy typically change as you move up the leg?

It improves Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical order of sensory loss in diabetic neuropathy?

Vibration, proprioception, and then pain, light touch, and temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes?

Postural hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease?

Diabetic foot disease Signup and view all the answers

Why are regular foot exams important in diabetes patients?

To detect any injuries or ulcers early and prevent complications Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of poor wound healing in diabetic foot disease?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diabetes Overview

Diabetes is a chronic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, caused by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.
Many people with diabetes are unaware they have the condition, especially in the early stages, as it is often asymptomatic.

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder, a type of hypersensitivity reaction, characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of beta cells.
Inflammation of the pancreatic islets leads to a decrease in beta cells, resulting in a loss of insulin production.
Associated with certain human leukocyte antigens (HLA) DR3 and DR4, and sometimes autoantibodies are detected in the serum.

Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms and Treatment

Symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, and glucosuria.
Presentation often involves symptomatic hyperglycemia, and treatment requires lifelong insulin replacement.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication, common in type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves measuring plasma glucose levels: >200 mg/dL indicates diabetes, <100 mg/dL is normal, and 100-125 mg/dL is pre-diabetes.
Fasting blood glucose levels are used for diagnosis, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are used for monitoring and diagnosis.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a life-threatening complication, more common in type 1 diabetes.
Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, hyperglycemia, and hypercalemia.
High levels of ketone bodies, acidic pH, and fruity breath odor are indicative of DKA.

Diabetic Neuropathy

A common complication of diabetes, characterized by sensory symptoms, such as loss of vibration and proprioception, and motor symptoms, such as muscle weakness.
Typically affects the feet and legs, with symptoms improving proximally.
Autonomic neuropathy can lead to postural hypotension, gastroprasis, and diabetic foot disease.

Diabetic Foot Disease

Combination of neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease leads to poor wound healing and increased risk of ulcers and infections.
Regular foot exams are essential to detect injuries early and prevent complications.

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Description

Learn about Type 1 Diabetes, an autoimmune disorder characterized by T-cell mediated destruction of beta cells, inflammation of the pancreatic islets, and hypersensitivity reaction. Understand the basics of this disease.