Diabetes Pathophysiology Quiz1

Questions and Answers

What is the primary defect in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Increased insulin secretion (correct)

Glucagon excess (correct)

Insulin resistance (correct)

Absolute insulin deficiency due to beta-cell destruction (correct)

Which of the following is most commonly associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Ketosis-prone diabetes (correct)

Pancreatitis

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells (correct)

Peripheral insulin resistance (correct)

What is the primary metabolic complication of untreated Type 1 Diabetes?

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (correct)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (correct)

Lactic acidosis (correct)

Hypoglycemia (correct)

Which of the following is a common risk factor for the development of Type 2 Diabetes?

Hypothyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is used to monitor long-term glycemic control in diabetic patients?

Fasting blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an acute complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Diabetic ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases does Type 1 Diabetes account for among all diabetes cases?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type 2 Diabetes?

Rapid onset Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary environmental factor contributing to Type 2 Diabetes?

Poor dietary habits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following autoantibodies is commonly associated with Type 1 Diabetes?

Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (Anti-GAD) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to the development of Type 1 Diabetes?

Chronic pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus?

Retinopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of hyperglycemia?

Polyuria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the first line of treatment for Type 2 Diabetes in obese patients?

Metformin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor specific to gestational diabetes?

History of large-for-gestational-age infant Signup and view all the answers

Which test confirms the diagnosis of gestational diabetes?

Fasting glucose test Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of diabetes management?

To eliminate carbohydrate intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle changes is recommended for managing Type 2 Diabetes?

Increased carbohydrate intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is more specific to Type 1 Diabetes?

Ketosis/ketonuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in diabetes management?

Reduction of hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What are the main features that distinguish Type 1 Diabetes from Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, often presenting in younger individuals, while Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, commonly associated with obesity and occurring later in life. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of HbA1c in the management of diabetes.

HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and is used to assess long-term glycemic control and adjust therapy accordingly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ketosis in Type 1 Diabetes?

Ketosis in Type 1 Diabetes indicates a lack of insulin, leading to fat breakdown and the production of ketones, which can result in diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary treatment approach for a newly diagnosed patient with Type 2 Diabetes who is overweight.

The primary treatment approach involves lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise to promote weight loss, along with metformin as first-line pharmacotherapy to improve insulin sensitivity. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Characterized by absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
Accounts for approximately 10% of all diabetes cases.
Presents primarily in younger individuals and can lead to complications like diabetic ketoacidosis.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Associated with peripheral insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
Often linked to obesity and a sedentary lifestyle, which contributes to its development.
May be asymptomatic in the early stages and is more common in adults.

Key Complications

Diabetic ketoacidosis is the primary metabolic complication of untreated Type 1 Diabetes.
Acute complications include hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Common microvascular complications include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.

Laboratory Testing

HbA1c is the key laboratory test for monitoring long-term glycemic control, reflecting average glucose levels over 2-3 months.
The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is essential for diagnosing gestational diabetes.

Treatment Approaches

First-line treatment for Type 2 Diabetes in obese patients includes lifestyle changes (diet and physical activity) along with metformin.
Diabetic management targets achieving normal blood glucose levels and reducing hyperglycemia.

Risk Factors

Sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits are significant risk factors for developing Type 2 Diabetes.
Gestational diabetes risk factors include a history of large-for-gestational-age infants, obesity, and advanced maternal age.

Distinctions between Types

Type 1 Diabetes features ketosis and requires insulin therapy from diagnosis.
Type 2 Diabetes typically develops with insulin resistance and does not necessarily lead to ketosis.

Symptoms and Management

Symptoms of hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, and blurred vision; weight gain is not typical.
Regular physical activity is crucial in managing Type 2 Diabetes and improving insulin sensitivity.

Autoantibodies

Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (Anti-GAD) autoantibodies are commonly associated with Type 1 Diabetes.

Overall Goals of Diabetes Management

The primary goal is to reduce hyperglycemia and achieve optimal blood glucose levels to prevent complications and enhance quality of life.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in this quiz. Explore the differences in insulin production, resistance, and associated conditions through multiple-choice questions. Perfect for students and healthcare professionals looking to reinforce their understanding of diabetes.