Type I & II Diabetes

A 55-year-old patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes has an A1C of 8.2%. Despite lifestyle changes, the A1C remains above 7.5%. Considering the ADA guidelines, what is the MOST appropriate next step in managing this patient's hyperglycemia?

Which statement BEST describes the impact of insulin on glucose metabolism?

When initiating insulin therapy for a type 2 diabetic patient, which factor is MOST critical to consider when determining the starting dose?

A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed canagliflozin. What is the MOST important counseling point to emphasize regarding this medication?

A patient taking glyburide reports experiencing frequent episodes of hypoglycemia. Which medication, if added to their regimen, would MOST likely exacerbate this side effect?

Which factor is MOST important to assess before initiating metformin therapy for a patient with type 2 diabetes?

A patient with type 2 diabetes is taking pioglitazone. Which potential side effect requires the MOST urgent monitoring?

Which antidiabetic medication is MOST likely to cause a delay in carbohydrate absorption, thereby stabilizing postprandial blood glucose levels?

A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed exenatide. What is exenatide's primary mechanism of action?

A patient with type 2 diabetes is started on sitagliptin therapy. What is the mechanism of action of Sitagliptin?

A patient with type 2 diabetes is prescribed a fixed-dose combination of glyburide and metformin. What is the rationale for using this combination therapy?

A patient has been taking metformin for several years and is now experiencing symptoms of fatigue and peripheral neuropathy. Which potential side effect should be evaluated?

What is the MOST significant risk associated with sulfonylurea medications?

A patient presents with generalized fatigue, cold intolerance, and constipation. Initial laboratory results reveal an elevated TSH and low free T4. Which condition is MOST consistent with these findings?

When initiating levothyroxine treatment for an elderly patient with known cardiovascular disease, what precaution is MOST important?

A pregnant patient with preexisting hypothyroidism requires medication management. What adjustment to her levothyroxine dosage is typically necessary during pregnancy?

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism?

Which factor requires the MOST immediate intervention in a newborn diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism?

A patient is prescribed levothyroxine. To optimize absorption, what instruction should be given?

A patient on levothyroxine reports experiencing nervousness, irritability, and insomnia. The MOST likely cause is:

A patient taking levothyroxine is also prescribed cholestyramine. What instruction should be given?

A patient with hypothyroidism develops adrenal insufficiency. How should these conditions be addressed?

Which potential adverse effect requires long-term monitoring in postmenopausal women receiving levothyroxine?

When monitoring TSH levels, what TSH range is typically targeted for younger adult hypothyroid patients?

A patient with hypothyroidism and a history of angina reports chest pain after starting levothyroxine. What is the next appropriate step?

What is the MOST concerning implication of significantly elevated TSH levels in a pregnant patient?

Which of the following BEST differentiates between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in terms of pathophysiology?

Which of the following insulin types has the SHORTEST duration of action and is typically used to cover mealtime blood sugar spikes?

A patient with Type 2 diabetes is prescribed metformin. Which of the following mechanisms of action BEST describes how metformin lowers blood glucose?

Which of the following statements BEST describes the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas in managing Type 2 diabetes?

A patient who is taking pioglitazone (a thiazolidinedione) should be monitored for which of the following potential adverse effects?

Which of the following is a common side effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose and miglitol?

Which of the following mechanisms of action is associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide) in the management of Type 2 diabetes?

DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, saxagliptin) lower blood glucose by which mechanism?

Compared to sulfonylureas, meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide, nateglinide) have:

Which of the following BEST describes the definition of myxedema?

Early detection and management of hypothyroidism are particularly important during pregnancy because:

Which of the following is typically used to replace the missing thyroid hormone in hypothyroidism?