Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following is a risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes?
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
What happens to glucose in the body when there is not enough insulin?
What happens to glucose in the body when there is not enough insulin?
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What is the role of beta cells in the pancreas in relation to glucose levels?
What is the role of beta cells in the pancreas in relation to glucose levels?
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How does insulin resistance contribute to type 2 diabetes?
How does insulin resistance contribute to type 2 diabetes?
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Which of the following groups are statistically at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following groups are statistically at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes?
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What is the term used to describe the process by which insulin’s effectiveness at transporting glucose decreases over time?
What is the term used to describe the process by which insulin’s effectiveness at transporting glucose decreases over time?
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What are the three primary symptoms often associated with diabetes, known as 'The Three Ps'?
What are the three primary symptoms often associated with diabetes, known as 'The Three Ps'?
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Which of the following tests is used to assess a patient's average blood sugar level over the past two to three months?
Which of the following tests is used to assess a patient's average blood sugar level over the past two to three months?
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What is the primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
What is the primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
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What does the 'poly' in the 'Three Ps' of diabetes stand for?
What does the 'poly' in the 'Three Ps' of diabetes stand for?
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What condition can cause a patient with diabetes to experience a fruity-smelling breath?
What condition can cause a patient with diabetes to experience a fruity-smelling breath?
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Which of the following is NOT a precaution that diabetic patients should take regarding foot care?
Which of the following is NOT a precaution that diabetic patients should take regarding foot care?
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Why are diabetic patients at increased risk of complications when they get sick?
Why are diabetic patients at increased risk of complications when they get sick?
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Which of the following is a potential reason why communities of color may have higher rates of diabetes?
Which of the following is a potential reason why communities of color may have higher rates of diabetes?
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What does the term 'neuropathy' refer to in the context of diabetes?
What does the term 'neuropathy' refer to in the context of diabetes?
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Which of the following conditions can occur during pregnancy and is characterized by glucose intolerance?
Which of the following conditions can occur during pregnancy and is characterized by glucose intolerance?
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What is the recommended target range for Hgb A1c in individuals with diabetes?
What is the recommended target range for Hgb A1c in individuals with diabetes?
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What is the primary function of insulin?
What is the primary function of insulin?
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What does the term 'polyuria' mean?
What does the term 'polyuria' mean?
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What condition is characterized by increased rate and depth of breathing, often seen as a compensatory mechanism to address metabolic acidosis?
What condition is characterized by increased rate and depth of breathing, often seen as a compensatory mechanism to address metabolic acidosis?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Overview
- Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar)
- Caused by insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance
- Insulin's role: Transports glucose from the blood into cells for energy. Think of it like an escort bringing glucose to its destination or a key opening the cell door.
Types of Diabetes
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Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to lack of insulin secretion. Requires lifelong insulin therapy.
- Formerly known as juvenile diabetes, though it can affect adults as well.
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Type 2 Diabetes: Progressive insulin resistance and decreased insulin production. Insulin effectiveness diminishes over time.
- Typically diagnosed in adults but increasing in children.
- Gestational Diabetes: Placental hormones interfere with insulin action, leading to glucose intolerance during pregnancy.
Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
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Obesity
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Inactivity
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Hypertension
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Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol)
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Smoking
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Genetics
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Race and ethnicity
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While race is not a direct biological determiner, certain racial/ethnic groups have a higher statistical risk. This is because of social determinants (access to healthcare, education, financial resources etc.)
Symptoms of Diabetes
- The Three Ps: Polydipsia (excess thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polyuria (frequent urination).
- Other symptoms: Weight loss despite hunger, warm skin, dehydration (dry skin, weak pulses, decreased skin turgor), fruity-smelling breath, Kussmaul respirations (in DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis), nausea, vomiting, weakness, lethargy.
Diagnosis of Diabetes
- Casual blood glucose over 200
- Fasting blood glucose over 126
- Glucose over 200 with an OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test)
- HgB A1c over 6.5% (measures average blood sugar over 2-3 months)
Treatment for Diabetes
- Type 1: Insulin therapy
- Type 2: Initially oral antidiabetic medications (insulin enhancers, not replacements), potentially insulin later.
- HgbA1c goal: <7%
Foot Care for Diabetic Patients
- Daily foot inspections with a mirror
- Check shoes for foreign objects
- Moisturize (avoid between toes)
- Cotton socks, closed-toe shoes
- Straight toenail cuts
- No over-the-counter corn/callus removal
- Avoid heating pads (may not feel heat)
Illness Care for Diabetic Patients
- Frequent blood glucose monitoring
- Do not skip insulin
- Monitor urine for ketones (indicator of DKA)
- Drink plenty of fluids (3L/day)
- Notify healthcare provider for:
- Illness lasting longer than one day
- Temperature over 38.6°C (101.5°F)
- Blood glucose over 250
- Positive urine ketones
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Description
Explore the intricacies of diabetes, including its definitions, types, and risk factors. Understand the differences between Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes, alongside the role of insulin. This quiz aims to enhance your knowledge about chronic hyperglycemia and its implications.
