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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes?
What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes?
What is the primary function of insulin in glucose metabolism?
What is the primary function of insulin in glucose metabolism?
What is the consequence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?
What is the consequence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?
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What is the primary defect in beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes?
What is the primary defect in beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes?
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What is the primary diagnostic criterion for diagnosing diabetes based on hemoglobin A1c?
What is the primary diagnostic criterion for diagnosing diabetes based on hemoglobin A1c?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of diabetes?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of diabetes?
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What is the primary goal of self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetes management?
What is the primary goal of self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetes management?
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What is the recommended age for universal screening for diabetes?
What is the recommended age for universal screening for diabetes?
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Which type of diabetes may require insulin therapy?
Which type of diabetes may require insulin therapy?
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Study Notes
Definition and Classification
- Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
- Classified into two main categories:
- Type 1 Diabetes (T1D): Insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
- Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
Pathophysiology
- Glucose Metabolism: Insulin regulates glucose uptake in cells, especially in muscles and liver.
- Insulin Resistance: Decreased insulin sensitivity in T2D, leading to increased glucose production in liver and decreased glucose uptake in muscles.
- Beta-Cell Dysfunction: Decreased insulin secretion in T2D, leading to hyperglycemia.
Signs and Symptoms
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Common Symptoms:
- Polyuria (frequent urination)
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- Polyphagia (increased hunger)
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
-
Long-term Complications:
- Microvascular: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
- Macrovascular: cardiovascular disease, peripheral artery disease
Diagnosis and Screening
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Diagnostic Criteria:
- Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL
- 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test
- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%
-
Screening Recommendations:
- Universal screening for adults ≥ 45 years old
- Earlier screening for individuals with risk factors (e.g., obesity, family history)
Management and Treatment
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Lifestyle Modifications:
- Healthy diet
- Regular physical activity
- Weight loss (if overweight or obese)
-
Pharmacological Therapy:
- Oral medications (e.g., metformin, sulfonylureas)
- Insulin therapy (for T1D and some T2D cases)
-
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose:
- Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels
- Adjusting diet, physical activity, and medication as needed
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Description
Test your knowledge of diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic disorders, including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Learn about type 1 and type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and more.
