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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the classic triad of symptoms for Type 1 diabetes?
What is the recommended hemoglobin A1c level for achieving optimal blood glucose control in Type 1 diabetes?
Which treatment is exclusively used for patients with Type 1 diabetes?
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Which of the following increases in Type 1 diabetes due to lack of insulin?
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Which of the following causes diabetes mellitus?
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What is the primary role of insulin in the body?
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Which type of diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells?
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What stimulates the release of glucagon?
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What is the primary action of somatostatin?
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Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between glycogen and glucose?
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In which condition does insulin release get inhibited?
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Which type of diabetes affects women during pregnancy?
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What is the primary effect of glucagon on the liver?
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Which of the following is a leading cause of death in the United States related to diabetes?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus Overview
- Group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia.
- Causes include decreased insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both.
- Affects an estimated 34.1 million adults in the U.S., with increasing incidence rates, particularly in ethnic and racial minority populations.
Epidemiology
- Leading cause of nontraumatic amputations, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and new onset blindness in adults.
- Ranked as the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S.
Diabetes Classifications
- Prediabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)
- Gestational Diabetes
Pancreas Functions
- Location: Behind the stomach.
- Endocrine hormones:
- Insulin: Produced by beta cells.
- Glucagon: Produced by alpha cells.
- Somatostatin: Produced by delta cells.
- Exocrine enzymes:
- Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates.
- Lipase: Breaks down fats.
Insulin
- Secreted by beta cells of the pancreas; functions as a storage hormone.
- Stimulated by parasympathetic stimulation, elevated serum glucose, GI hormones, and increased serum potassium.
- Inhibited by sympathetic stimulation, low serum glucose, and high insulin levels.
- Promotes glucose metabolism for energy, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein transport, and potassium transport.
Glucagon
- Antagonist to insulin; elevates blood glucose levels.
- Stimulated by sympathetic stimulation, decreased serum glucose, and certain hormones.
- Functions include stimulating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and enhancing lipolysis.
Somatostatin
- Inhibits growth hormone release from the pituitary gland.
- Exerts a hypoglycemic effect, regulating insulin and glucagon secretion.
Type 1 Diabetes
- Characterized by beta cell destruction leading to decreased insulin production.
- Causes: Genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors.
- Results in elevated blood glucose levels and increased liver glucose output.
- Represents approximately 5% of diabetes cases; onset is usually abrupt.
Type 1 Diabetes Manifestations
- Symptoms vary with levels of hyperglycemia, featuring acute onset.
- Classic triad: Polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).
- Other symptoms: Glycosuria, weight loss, fatigue, vision changes, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (in diabetic ketoacidosis).
Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes
- Casual (random) blood glucose level >200 mg/dL.
- Fasting blood glucose level >126 mg/dL.
- Glucose tolerance test >200 mg/dL.
- Hemoglobin A1c >6.5%.
Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes
- Requires insulin therapy; no oral anti-diabetic medications.
- Includes nutrition management, regular exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and patient education.
- Goal is to achieve euglycemia while preventing hypoglycemia, with target A1c levels set by the American Diabetes Association.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of Diabetes Mellitus, including its causes, prevalence, and impact on health. Designed for NUR 146, the content focuses on the metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and its increasing incidence among various populations. Test your knowledge on this critical health topic!
