Diabetes Mellitus Biochemistry Mind Map

A condition where the body can't properly regulate blood sugar levels, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

The process by which the body breaks down stored fat for energy, releasing fatty acids into the bloodstream.

The production of ketone bodies, which are acidic compounds produced by the liver during periods of prolonged fasting or starvation - a by-product of lipolysis.

A serious condition caused by a build-up of ketone bodies in the blood, making the blood more acidic.

The process by which the body uses amino acids (from proteins) to make glucose.

The breakdown of protein into amino acids, often triggered by energy deficit.

An enzyme that breaks down triglycerides (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol.

Increased levels of triglycerides in the blood, often associated with insulin deficiency as the body cannot process fat effectively.

The excretion of large amounts of urine, often a symptom of high blood sugar.

The loss of fluids and electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride) from the body, often due to excessive urination.

A state of impaired glucose utilization in the body, specifically in muscle and fat tissues. Insulin, the hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels, is present but its effects are diminished.

The long-term complications of diabetes that primarily affect the small blood vessels. It includes conditions like retinopathy (damage to the eyes) and nephropathy (damage to the kidneys).

A condition characterized by excessive glucose in the urine, often a symptom of diabetes mellitus. High blood sugar levels exceed the kidneys' reabsorption capacity.

A metabolic disorder affecting the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. This can lead to excessive glucose in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia).

The specific type of diabetes resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin. This leads to an absolute lack of insulin.

The form of diabetes that arises primarily from insulin resistance. The body produces insulin but its cells become unresponsive to its effects, leading to high blood glucose levels. Often associated with obesity and older age.

A medical test used to diagnose diabetes. It involves measuring blood glucose levels after fasting overnight and then again after consuming a specific amount of glucose. The test helps evaluate how well the body processes glucose.

Hormone that raises blood glucose levels. It stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen stores in the liver (glycogenolysis) and also promotes the production of new glucose (gluconeogenesis).

Breakdown of glycogen, a stored form of glucose, into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream.

The hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose levels. It enhances glucose entry into cells, promotes glycogen synthesis, and suppresses gluconeogenesis.