Glycogen Breakdown Regulation in Liver and Muscle

• Glycogen breakdown is regulated in the liver and muscle

Liver vs. Muscle Glycogen Use:

• Liver breaks down glycogen to make ketone bodies during fasting and to maintain blood glucose levels
• Muscle breaks down glycogen to release energy when blood glucose is low
• Liver glycogen decreases when blood glucose decreases
• Muscle glycogen decreases to release energy

Insulin Regulation:

• Insulin is an important regulator of metabolism
• Insulin stimulates glycogen production

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1:

• Untreated diabetes mellitus type 1 patients exhibit disrupted insulin and glucagon concentrations
• Insulin levels decrease while glucagon levels increase

Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 1:

• Acetoacetate and glucose are elevated

Insulin Administration Regimens:

• The image presents a short-acting insulin before meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) with long-acting insulin before sleep

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 1:

• A 3-year-old toddler, never visiting the doctor except for severe eczema, recently had gastroenteritis with fever up to 38.5 °C
• Diarrhea was involved and almost dehydration
• After the diarrhea he lost weight, drinks a lot and mother worries that it is caused by the diarrhea

Fatty Acid Oxidation

• The oxidation of fatty acids takes place in the mitochondrion

Cortisol Regulation:

• The production/secretion of ACTH is less sensitive to inhibition by cortisol

Urea Cycle Location:

• The urea cycle starts in the mitochondrion
• The end product is formed in the cytoplasm

Liver Metabolism:

• The liver does not use ketones for its own energy production

Insulin Resistance

• Insulin receptors do not respond well to insulin in insulin resistance

Long-Term Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus (DM):

• The long-term effect is monitored by checking the HbA1c value in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) treated with insulin

Hormonal Regulation:

• The hypothalamus and pituitary regulate thyroid hormone synthesis and excretion in the central nervou system

Low-Carb Diet:

• It's imporatnt that the diet contains fat and eiwit
• Protein in the diet prevents muscle breakdown for gluconeogenesis

Hypoglycemia Risk:

• Using long-acting insulin has the highest risk of hypoglycemia at night for type 2 diabetes

Glucose Measurement

• For a 32-year-old male with candida balanitis and a glucose level of 11 mmol/l
• The diagnosis is not clear with this result, dhr. Rigar must go to the laboratory for venous glucose determination

Thyroid Hormone Regulation:

• Tthe production and secretion of thyroid hormone is controlled by negative feedback.

Selective Case Finding:

• According to the NHG standard, screening for diabetes mellitus (DM) should not be done for a slender 40-year-old Turkish woman with medicated hypertension.
• However, it is advisable based on data from the Helius study

Congenital Hypothyroidism Treatment:

• The treatment of choice for a patient with congenital hypothyroidism and a strongly elevated TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) plasma concentration is oral thyroxine (T4)

Pancreas Ductus Regression:

• The ductus pancreaticus dorsalis regresses when the ventral and dorsal pancreas fuse

Light Microscopy Contrast:

• Part "N" is used to optimally adjust the contrast of the image of the slide

Histology Identification:

• This is a sample of skin

Epithelial Cell Adhesion:

• The most stable adhesion structure is the adherens junction

Pleuroperitoneal Membrane:

• The pleuroperitoneal membrane separates the lung cavity and the abdominal cavity during development

Digestive System - Retroperitoneal Location:

• The duodenum is secondarily retroperitoneal located in the digestive system

Epidermal Adaptation:

• Callus formation is based on hyperplasia in the stratum basale

Foregut Derivatives:

• Structures such as galways are found in the foredarm

Intestinal Motor Function:

• The pressure registrations point to mass movement contractions

Necrosis

• Irreversible damage to the plasmamebrane can progress necrsosis

Apoptosis

• Cytochrome c promotes apoptosis after it is released

Heartburn

• Omeprazole decreases heart burn

Liver Failure

• Toxic reactions to a medicine cause acute liver failure in western countires

Apoptosis Mechanism

• Fragmentation of the internucelosomal DNA is found in this type of cell destruction

Toxins

-Fatty acid oxidation occurs by toxins

DM alcohol use

• It inhibits gluconeogensis

Vena Portae

• Vena portae is a marker

Kupffer Cell:

• A Kupffer cell is a macrofague

Glutathione Protection:

Glutathione reduces peroxides

Alcohol Oxidation:

• Acetaldehyde is a toxic metabolite of ethanol oxidation

Muscle Cell Regeneration Rankings:

• Smooth muscle has the highest capacity to regenerate quickly, followed by skeletal muscle and then heart muscle