Diabetes Medications: Gliptins, Amylin Analogs, and Incretin Mimetics

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Questions and Answers

What happens to insulin needs when caloric intake is decreased and physical activity is increased?

  • They decrease (correct)
  • They remain the same
  • They become unpredictable
  • They increase

What is the mechanism of action of biguanides like metformin?

  • Reducing glucose production in the liver and increasing insulin sensitivity (correct)
  • Blocking insulin degradation
  • Delaying carbohydrate absorption
  • Stimulating insulin release

What is a common side effect of sulfonylureas like glyburide?

  • Upper respiratory tract infections
  • Gastric upset
  • Diarrhea
  • Hypoglycemia and weight gain (correct)

What is the mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose?

<p>Delaying carbohydrate absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of meglitinides like repaglinide?

<p>Stimulating insulin release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones like rosiglitazone?

<p>Decreasing insulin resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of gliptins in regulating insulin release?

<p>Minimizes the rate of inactivation of the hormone that stimulates insulin release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diabetes is pramlintide typically used for?

<p>Both Type 1 and Type 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of exenatide therapy?

<p>To stimulate the pancreas to secrete the right amount of insulin based on food intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?

<p>Levothyroxine replacement therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of propylthiouracil?

<p>Inhibits thyroid hormone production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose hypothyroidism?

<p>TSH (thyroid-stimulated hormone) level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for survival in individuals with Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Insulin replacement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of long-duration insulins?

<p>No peak action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary change in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Starting with lifestyle measures plus drug therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sliding scale in insulin therapy?

<p>To individualize dose based on blood sugar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the administration route for insulin therapy?

<p>Subcutaneous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors increase insulin needs?

<p>Increased caloric intake, weight gain, and decreased activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of 'tight control' in Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Improving microvascular outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of long-duration insulins in terms of peak action?

<p>They do not have a peak action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage method for unopened insulin vials?

<p>In the refrigerator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a blood glucose meter in insulin therapy?

<p>To individualize the dose of insulin based on blood sugar levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased caloric intake on insulin needs?

<p>It increases insulin needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of administration of insulin?

<p>Subcutaneous injection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of metformin?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas like glyburide?

<p>Promotes insulin release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of weight reduction and increased physical activity on insulin needs?

<p>They decrease insulin needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose?

<p>Delays absorption of carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of thiazolidinediones like rosiglitazone?

<p>Liver injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of meglitinides like repaglinide?

<p>Stimulates insulin release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using gliptins in diabetes treatment?

<p>They minimize the rate of inactivation of the hormone that stimulates insulin release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?

<p>Thyroid hormone replacement therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is pramlintide typically used for?

<p>Both Type 1 and Type 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of exenatide therapy?

<p>To stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin based on food intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a side effect of gliptins?

<p>Runny nose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose hypothyroidism?

<p>TSH (thyroid-stimulated hormone) test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of 'tight control' in Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Only helps with microvascular complications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical starting point for drug therapy in Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Metformin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of premixed insulin vials?

<p>They contain a combination of short-acting and long-acting insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the peak action of insulin?

<p>It is when the adverse effects are most likely to occur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between short-duration and intermediate-duration insulin?

<p>Short-duration insulin is faster acting, while intermediate-duration insulin is slower acting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adjusting insulin dosage based on caloric intake and physical activity?

<p>To match insulin needs with changing energy needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of biguanides like metformin?

<p>Decreases glucose production by the liver and increases insulin sensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which oral antidiabetic medication is associated with a risk of lactic acidosis?

<p>Metformin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas like glyburide?

<p>Stimulates insulin release from the pancreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oral antidiabetic medications does not cause hypoglycemia?

<p>Metformin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using gliptins in diabetes treatment?

<p>They reduce the risk of hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is pramlintide typically used for?

<p>Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose?

<p>Delays absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of weight reduction and increased physical activity on insulin needs?

<p>Decreases insulin needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of exenatide?

<p>It stimulates the pancreas to secrete the right amount of insulin based on food intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?

<p>Levothyroxine replacement therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of decreased caloric intake and increased physical activity on insulin needs?

<p>It decreases insulin needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of hypothyroidism?

<p>Brittle hair and expressionless face (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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