Diabetes Management and Symptoms
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Diabetes Management and Symptoms

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Questions and Answers

What is a common treatment for constipation according to the management options?

  • Increase physical activity (correct)
  • Increase medication use
  • Limit fluid intake
  • Decrease fiber intake

    • Which symptom could indicate a bowel obstruction in a patient experiencing vomiting?

  • Clear liquid vomiting
  • Green bilious vomiting (correct)
  • Frothy vomiting
  • Dry heaving

    • What is essential in the management of vomiting to prevent complications?

  • Monitor for electrolyte imbalances (correct)
  • Restrict all food intake
  • Immediate surgery
  • Use pain medications

    • What diagnostic tool is used to confirm Hirschsprung disease?

    <p>Rectal biopsy for ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical manifestation is often associated with Hirschsprung disease in newborns?

    <p>Failure to pass meconium within the first 24-48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the first symptom presented in children diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in managing a patient with vomiting?

    <p>Identify and treat the cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is commonly used to manage constipation?

    <p>Lactulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored in children who are sick with diabetes to ensure safety?

    <p>Blood glucose levels and urine ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After vomiting, what measures are recommended for oral hygiene?

    <p>Rinse mouth or brush teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is recommended for children managing diabetes around the ages of 6-8 years?

    <p>Assistance with checking blood glucose and keeping records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may interfere with treatment adherence for adolescents with diabetes?

    <p>Peer pressure and desire to fit in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should parents be taught to check for in their child's urine?

    <p>Ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a dietician in the care of a child with diabetes?

    <p>To help with meal planning and dietary advice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of inadequate control of diabetes during puberty?

    <p>Delayed puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is associated with a random plasma glucose level greater than 200 mg/dl?

    <p>Polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign that an infant is ready for solid foods?

    <p>Extrusion reflex has disappeared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should food that is pushed out by an infant be handled?

    <p>Scooped up and refed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended milk consumption for toddlers after the age of two?

    <p>24-48 oz/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does physiologic anorexia typically occur in toddlers?

    <p>18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can contribute to a preschooler's eating habits?

    <p>Ability to prepare their own meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common eating behavior in school-age children?

    <p>Developing a taste for a variety of foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods should be avoided for infants?

    <p>Hard veggies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration regarding adolescent nutritional needs?

    <p>Boys may require over 2000 calories per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes food allergy?

    <p>IgE-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with food allergies?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT commonly used for diagnosing food allergies?

    <p>Blood pressure monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for implementing enteral therapy?

    <p>Weakness of throat and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason to use total parenteral nutrition?

    <p>Congenital malformation of GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is recommended for prevention of food allergies in infants?

    <p>Introducing high-allergy foods before low-allergy foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feeding method involves a central venous catheter?

    <p>Total parenteral nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is least commonly associated with food allergies?

    <p>Rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age for cleft lip repair to be performed?

    <p>At 2-3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin supplementation is recommended prior to invasive procedures for a patient with cholangitis?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a classic sign of esophageal atresia?

    <p>Excessive salivation and drooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the primary repair of esophageal atresia involve?

    <p>Connecting two ends of esophagus and ligating fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary consideration may be necessary for an infant with a cleft palate?

    <p>Longer nipples with enlarged holes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique can aid in the diagnosis of esophageal atresia?

    <p>CXR or abdomen XR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication might persistent jaundice in an infant indicate?

    <p>Cholangitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of folate intake in relation to cleft lip and palate?

    <p>It protects the formation of tooth buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a necessary intervention postoperatively for an infant who has undergone cleft lip repair?

    <p>Soft elbow restraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential temporary feeding solution for infants diagnosed with tracheoesophageal fistula?

    <p>G-tube feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Management

    • Oral glucose tolerance test indicates plasma glucose > 200, leading to symptoms like polyuria.
    • Symptoms include polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, enuresis, and fatigue.
    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is often present at diagnosis.
    • Random plasma glucose > 200 requires regular monitoring.
    • Children as young as 6-8 years can assist in managing blood glucose (BG) and keeping records.
    • Adolescents may struggle with treatment adherence due to peer influences.
    • Self-management is the ultimate goal; collaboration with dietitians, educators, and social workers is encouraged.
    • Illness prompts BG and urine ketone monitoring every 3 hours; notify healthcare provider for vomiting or BG > 240 mg/dl.

    Infant Feeding Readiness

    • Infants show readiness with interest in solid foods and loss of extrusion reflex.
    • Signs of readiness include better head control and anticipation of feeding.
    • Begin with small servings, gradually increasing as swallowing improves.
    • Supervise feeding; avoid hot dogs, hard veggies, candies, and peanut chunks.

    Nutritional Needs by Age Group

    • Toddlers: 3 meals and 2 snacks daily; serving size is 1 tbsp per year of age; 24-48 oz milk/day (low-fat after age 2).
    • Preschoolers: Develop preferences and may be picky; encourage sampling of diverse foods.
    • School-Age Children: Nutritional needs increase, moderate to avoid unhealthy choices; avoid using food as a reward.
    • Adolescents: Require over 2000 calories daily, more if active; potential for unhealthy eating patterns.

    Food Allergies and Reactions

    • Food allergies are immunologic reactions, most commonly to peanuts, milk, and shellfish.
    • Diagnosed through double-blind challenges or skin prick tests; avoid allergenic foods.
    • Food intolerance, not IgE-mediated, causes symptoms like indigestion and flatulence.
    • Allergy symptoms can include anaphylaxis and swelling of lips/mouth; rapid intervention is critical.
    • Prevention strategies: exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months followed by gradual introduction of high-allergy foods.

    Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

    • Enteral therapy utilizes feeding tubes for patients with swallowing issues or recovery needs.
    • Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) delivers intravenous nutrition, requiring special equipment and administration.
    • TPN is indicated for congenital GI malformations, brain injuries, or severe burns.

    Vomiting Management

    • Vomiting is common and usually self-limiting; observe for bilious vomiting indicating obstruction.
    • Treatment includes identifying the cause, rehydration via oral or IV fluids, and anti-emetic medication.
    • Gradually return to normal diet; monitor for electrolyte imbalances post-vomiting.

    Hirschsprung Disease

    • Characterized by absent ganglion cells in the bowel wall leading to obstruction; more common in males.
    • Symptoms include bilious vomiting and failure to pass meconium within 24-48 hours.
    • Diagnosis confirmed via abdominal X-ray and rectal biopsy; treatment involves surgical removal of the aganglionic segment.

    Cleft Lip and Palate

    • Caused by improper fusion of the maxillary process; cleft lip repair usually performed at 2-3 months post-birth.
    • Palate repair is ideally done before 12 months; adequate folate may aid prevention.
    • Post-surgical care may require the use of soft restraints to protect the incision.

    Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

    • Condition involves failure of esophagus to form as a continuous structure or separate from the trachea.
    • Diagnosis may occur prenatally; symptoms include excessive salivation and choking during feeding.
    • Treatment includes surgical intervention to connect the esophagus and repair any fistula, with possible G-tube placement until recovery.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the management of diabetes, particularly symptoms associated with high plasma glucose levels. It explores the significance of maintaining glucose levels, the effects of diet, and exercise on insulin action. Understanding these factors is essential for effective diabetes care.

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