Diabetes Management and Nutrition
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Questions and Answers

How are the total energy requirements for adult diabetic clients who are not overweight compared to those for nondiabetic individuals?

  • They require energy based on age and gender.
  • They require significantly less energy.
  • They require significantly more energy.
  • They require the same energy. (correct)

What is the typical target weight loss goal for overweight diabetic clients?

  • 4 pounds a week.
  • 1 pound a week. (correct)
  • ½ pound a week.
  • 2 pounds a week.

What type of exchanges are used in diet planning for diabetic clients?

  • Specific foods.
  • Food exchanges. (correct)
  • Nutrient values.
  • Food groups.

What is the maximum recommended amount of nonstarchy vegetables that can be consumed at one meal?

<p>1½ cups cooked or 3 cups raw. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when there are changes in a diabetic client's physical condition or lifestyle?

<p>Consult a physician or dietitian for adjustments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of dietary fiber for a diabetic diet?

<p>25 to 35 grams. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended strategy for increasing fiber in the diet?

<p>Increase it very gradually. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sweetener is the newest to gain FDA approval?

<p>Sucralose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason human insulin is preferred over animal insulin?

<p>It contains fewer antibodies than animal insulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification is used to describe the duration of insulin action?

<p>Very rapid, rapid, intermediate, and long-acting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin action type is most commonly used for clients managing type 1 diabetes?

<p>Intermediate-acting insulin effective for 24 to 28 hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of premeal boluses delivered by an insulin pump?

<p>To provide needed insulin for the food consumed during a meal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially happen if clients do not eat as prescribed while taking insulin?

<p>They can experience hypoglycemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with an insulin reaction?

<p>Increased thirst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should an endocrinologist be consulted regarding insulin reactions?

<p>Whenever an insulin reaction seems imminent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immediate treatment is suggested for a conscious client experiencing hypoglycemia?

<p>Provide a glucose tablet or sugary beverage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of reduced circulation in the body's tissues?

<p>Fluid retention leading to edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary consideration is important when prescribing diuretics?

<p>Monitor blood potassium levels due to potential hypokalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of using dietetic foods for diabetic clients?

<p>They can be used excessively without consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines primary hypertension?

<p>Hypertension with an unknown cause (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is alcohol use considered limited for diabetic clients?

<p>Some clients may experience intolerance to alcohol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is hypertension diagnosed based on blood pressure readings?

<p>When systolic pressure is 140 mm Hg or more and diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg or more (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise affect glucose levels in clients with type 1 diabetes?

<p>It complicates glucose control and may lead to hypoglycemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measurement is taken with a sphygmomanometer?

<p>Blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of insulin must clients with type 1 diabetes use?

<p>Exogenous insulin from external sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common consequences of untreated hypertension?

<p>Increased risk of heart attack and stroke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must insulin be injected rather than taken orally?

<p>It would be digested and rendered ineffective if swallowed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary component is recommended for patients taking diuretics?

<p>Fruits high in potassium like bananas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does exercise provide for clients with type 2 diabetes?

<p>It helps improve weight control and glucose levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diastolic pressure in the measurement 160/100 mm Hg?

<p>100 mm Hg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is important for a diabetic client when considering dietetic foods?

<p>Labels need to be read to understand the nutritional content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be considered in the diet plan if alcohol is included for diabetic clients?

<p>The total amount of alcohol must be accounted for. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for hyperlipidemia?

<p>Medical nutrition therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise contribute to managing hyperlipidemia?

<p>It helps to lose weight and increase HDL levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fats is associated with an increase in serum cholesterol?

<p>Saturated fats and trans fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the American Heart Association, what is considered high blood cholesterol?

<p>240 mg/dl and greater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a balanced diet to manage hyperlipidemia, what percentage of calories should come from fats?

<p>20% to 35% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lipoproteins play in the body?

<p>They carry cholesterol and fats in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended guideline for dietary fats?

<p>Fats should provide more than 40% of calories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common lifestyle change can help reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?

<p>Engaging in regular physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease?

<p>Bloody diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diet is generally required for patients with ulcerative colitis to avoid irritation of the inflamed area?

<p>Low-residue diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure is used when the entire colon, rectum, and anus must be removed?

<p>Ileostomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for clients with ileostomies regarding hydration?

<p>Increased salt and water intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient deficiencies can occur due to celiac disease if left untreated?

<p>Virtually all nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dietary adjustment for someone diagnosed with celiac disease?

<p>Follow a gluten-controlled diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrition support may be necessary for patients with severe cases requiring total parenteral nutrition?

<p>Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin supplements are commonly recommended for clients with ileostomies?

<p>Vitamin C and B12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the exchange list approach for diabetic diets?

A diabetic diet plan that uses exchange lists to help people manage their diabetes and make healthy food choices. It emphasizes variety and control.

How are calorie requirements determined for diabetic clients?

In a diabetic diet plan, the amount of food needed depends on the individual's weight needs and other factors. Overweight individuals need fewer calories, typically 1 pound of weight loss per week.

What is a free exchange in a diabetic diet?

A vegetable exchange is free, meaning you can eat a generous amount without counting it. Non-starchy vegetables are ideal choices.

What is the role of fiber in diabetic diets?

Fiber helps manage blood sugar levels by slowing down glucose absorption. This can reduce the amount of insulin needed.

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How does increasing fiber intake affect digestion?

Increasing fiber gradually is important to avoid digestive discomfort. Drink plenty of water to help fiber work effectively in your system.

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What is sucralose?

Sucralose is a sugar substitute that is not absorbed by the body, making it useful for those managing diabetes.

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What is aspartame?

Aspartame is another sugar substitute made from amino acids. It provides sweetness without affecting blood sugar levels.

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When is a diabetic diet adjusted?

A diabetic diet should be adjusted based on changes in lifestyle and health conditions like pregnancy or lactation.

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Dietetic Foods for Diabetics

Dietetic foods marketed for diabetics may not offer significant nutritional differences from regular foods and are often more expensive.

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Alcohol and Diabetes

Alcohol consumption requires careful consideration for individuals with diabetes. While limited amounts may be permitted, it can interact with medications and may be unsuitable for some.

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Exercise and Diabetes

Regular exercise plays a vital role in managing blood sugar levels, improving heart health, and potentially aiding in weight management. It can be particularly helpful for individuals with type 2 diabetes but needs to be carefully monitored for those with type 1 diabetes.

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Insulin Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin therapy is essential for individuals with type 1 diabetes to regulate blood glucose levels. It is administered via injection as it's broken down in the digestive system if taken orally.

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Endogenous vs. Exogenous Insulin

Insulin produced outside the body is called exogenous insulin, while insulin produced naturally by the body is called endogenous insulin.

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Lifelong Insulin Therapy

Type 1 diabetes requires lifelong insulin therapy.

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Exercise and Hypoglycemia

Exercise can lower blood sugar levels, potentially increasing the risk of hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

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Human Insulin

Insulin made synthetically in a lab, closely resembling natural insulin.

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Animal Insulin

Insulin derived from cows or pigs, rarely used due to impurities.

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Insulin Action

The duration of time insulin remains effective in the body.

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Intermediate-acting Insulin

Insulin that starts working within 2-8 hours and lasts for 24-28 hours.

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Basal Insulin

A continuous delivery of small amounts of short-acting insulin throughout the day.

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Premeal Bolus

A dose of fast-acting insulin taken before meals.

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Insulin Reaction

A dangerous condition resulting from low blood sugar, often caused by insulin administration without adequate food intake.

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Treating Insulin Reaction

Treatment for an insulin reaction involving rapidly increasing blood sugar levels by administering glucose.

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What are triglycerides?

A type of fat found in foods and adipose tissue that contributes to hyperlipidemia.

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What is hyperlipidemia?

A condition where there's an excess of lipids (fats) in the blood, often contributing to heart disease.

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What are saturated fats?

A type of fat, found mainly in animal products, that raises cholesterol levels in the blood, possibly contributing to heart disease.

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What are trans fats?

A type of fat, usually created during food processing, that raises LDL (bad) cholesterol and lowers HDL (good) cholesterol, increasing heart disease risk.

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What are unsaturated fats?

A type of fat found mainly in plant-based foods that helps lower bad cholesterol levels, potentially protecting against heart disease.

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What is LDL cholesterol?

A type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from the liver to cells, often contributing to atherosclerosis when levels are high.

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What is HDL cholesterol?

A type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from cells to the liver for disposal, potentially protecting against heart disease when levels are high.

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What is atherosclerosis?

The process of plaque buildup in arteries, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, and other problems.

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Heart Failure

A condition where the heart's pumping ability is reduced, leading to fluid retention in tissues, causing swelling or edema. This can further burden the heart as it works harder to compensate.

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Hypertension

A condition where the pressure within the arteries is chronically high, making the heart work harder and increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other health problems.

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Essential Hypertension

Hypertension that has no known cause, accounting for the majority of cases. It is usually managed with lifestyle changes and medications.

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Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension caused by an underlying medical condition, such as kidney disease or adrenal gland problems.

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Systolic Pressure

The pressure within the arteries when the heart is contracting, measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).

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Diastolic Pressure

The pressure within the arteries when the heart is resting between beats, measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).

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Prehypertension

A range of blood pressure values indicating an increased risk of developing hypertension.

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Sphygmomanometer

A measurement tool used to determine blood pressure by inflating a cuff around the arm and listening to the blood flow.

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What is a stoma?

A surgical opening from the body surface to the intestine, often necessary for defecation in clients with severe ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.

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What is an ileostomy?

An ileostomy is a surgical procedure that connects the ileum (small intestine) to the abdomen surface, allowing for defecation when the colon, rectum, and anus are removed.

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Define colostomy.

A colostomy is a surgical procedure where a portion of the colon is connected to the abdomen surface, permitting defecation when the rectum and anus are removed.

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What is celiac disease?

Celiac disease is a disorder characterized by malabsorption of all nutrients, often due to a genetic predisposition.

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What is a gluten-controlled diet?

A gluten-controlled diet eliminates gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, to manage celiac disease.

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How does chronic inflammation affect the intestinal wall?

Chronic inflammation in ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease can thicken the intestinal wall, leading to obstruction.

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What can happen when ulcers penetrate the intestinal wall?

Ulcers in the intestinal wall can penetrate the entire wall, causing severe complications.

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What are the main symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

The main symptoms of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease include bloody diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal cramps, and weight loss.

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Study Notes

Diet and Weight Control

  • Normal weight is the appropriate weight for good health at a specific time for an individual
  • Ideal body weight for males is calculated by starting with 106 pounds for the first 5 feet and adding 6 pounds for each inch over 60 inches.
  • Ideal body weight for females is calculated by starting with 100 pounds for the first 5 feet and adding 5 pounds for each inch over 60 inches.
  • Overweight is 10-20% above average weight.
  • Obesity is excessive body fat, with weight 20% above the average.
  • Underweight is 10-15% below average weight.
  • BMI is used to evaluate health risk from excessive weight (calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared).
  • A BMI between 19-25 is associated with less risk than above or below this range.
  • Visceral fat (abdominal fat) is related to a greater risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers
  • Pear-shaped bodies have a lower disease risk than apple-shaped bodies.
  • Waist-to-hip ratio of above 1.0 for men and above 0.8 for women indicates health risk.
  • Waist circumference of above 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women increases risk.
  • Body weight is affected by factors like height, age, physical condition, heredity, gender, and body frame size.

Overweight and Obesity

  • Overweight and obesity are prevalent in the US.
  • 64% of Americans are overweight or obese.
  • 73% of adults 20 years of age or older are overweight or obese.
  • In the last 25 years, the prevalence of overweight children has tripled—currently at 40.8%.
  • Key causes of excess weight include poor diet and inactivity.
  • Other contributors are genetic, physiological, metabolic, biochemical, and psychological factors.
  • Energy imbalance (consuming more than required) contributes to excess weight, especially in middle age.
  • Metabolism slows with age, reducing activity levels and thus leading to calorie accumulation.
  • Hypothyroidism (low basal metabolic rate) can rarely cause obesity.
  • Common weight loss theories include fat cell theory and setpoint theory.

Healthy Weight

  • BMI between 18.5 and 25 is considered healthy.
  • A healthier approach for those with a BMI of 25 or higher is to reduce their BMI by 1-2 points.
  • Maintain achieved reduced BMIs for 6 months before further reductions.

Dietary Treatment for Overweight and Obesity

  • Reducing portion sizes and caloric intake is essential.
  • A low-calorie diet based on MyPyramid or exchange lists is generally recommended for weight reduction.
  • 3500 calorie deficit equals a one-pound weight loss.
  • Weekly calorie intake should be reduced by 3500-7000 calories to achieve a weekly weight loss of 1-2 pounds.
  • Diets below 1200 calories a day may compromise nutrition.
  • Dietary components: proteins (10-20%), carbohydrates (45-65%), fats (20-35%)

Cooking Methods

  • Broiling, grilling, baking, roasting, poaching, and boiling are preferred methods to avoid added fats.
  • Removing fat from meats and skimming fat from dishes can lower fat content.
  • Replace the use of butter or margarine with fat-free seasoning (e.g., fruit juice, vinegar, herbs, and spices).

Exercise

  • Aerobic exercise (e.g., dancing, jogging, cycling, skiing, rowing, power walking) is effective for weight loss.
  • Exercise should be incorporated gradually to prevent injury.
  • 30 minutes of exercise can prevent chronic diseases.
  • 60-90 minutes of daily exercise can prevent weight gain.
  • Over 90 minutes of daily exercise helps maintain weight loss.
  • Children should be active for 60 minutes daily.

Behavior Modification

  • Habit changes are key for long-term weight management.
  • Developing a sustainable eating plan and exercise program are crucial lifestyle changes.
  • Participants may benefit from group support and psychological counseling.
  • Distinguishing between hunger and appetite is necessary.
  • Eating healthy habits should be established.

Food Selection

  • Choosing low-calorie, low-fat foods is beneficial for weight loss diets.
  • High-calorie, high-fat foods should be consumed moderately during weight loss and thereafter.
  • Choosing healthy substitutions is often effective.
  • Reading food labels carefully is necessary for understanding the nutritional value of the food.

Other topics/details

  • Detailed information will be provided on individual diets, exercise, and lifestyle changes.
  • Information about fad diets and their limitations will be provided.
  • Surgical and pharmaceutical (medication) treatments will also be discussed.
  • Additional details about underweight will be provided, and specific diets and medical recommendations will be given.
  • Discussion about diabetes management, considering the importance of glucose control will follow.
  • Specific information about cardiovascular disease and its treatment will be given.
  • Topics about illnesses that require extra nutritional attention will be covered.
  • The importance of the client-professional relationships will be discussed.

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Diet and Weight Control PDF

Description

This quiz covers crucial aspects of diabetes management, focusing on dietary requirements, insulin types, and weight loss strategies for diabetic patients. Explore key recommendations for diabetic nutrition and lifestyle modifications necessary for effective disease management.

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