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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a chronic complication of diabetes?

  • Neuropathy
  • Nephropathy
  • Retinopathy
  • Acute pancreatitis (correct)

Which of the following insulin types has the fastest onset of action?

  • Rapid-acting insulin (correct)
  • Intermediate-acting insulin
  • Long-acting insulin
  • Short-acting insulin

Which test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetics?

  • Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
  • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
  • Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) (correct)
  • Random Blood Glucose (RBG)

Which drug is contraindicated in patients with a history of bladder cancer?

<p>Pioglitazone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark sign of Type 1 Diabetes?

<p>Autoimmune destruction of β-cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of metabolic syndrome often associated with Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Central obesity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common early symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

<p>Fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is used to treat hyperkalemia in CKD?

<p>Potassium binders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is often performed to screen for early diabetic nephropathy?

<p>Urine Microalbumin test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is least likely to cause hypoglycemia?

<p>Dapagliflozin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of thiazide diuretics?

<p>Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key complication of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?

<p>Anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs should be used with caution in elderly patients due to the risk of severe hypoglycemia?

<p>Sulfonylureas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of the kidney's excretory role?

<p>Excrete waste products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary regulatory function of the kidney?

<p>Regulate blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key adverse effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)?

<p>Increased risk of cardiovascular events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an endogenous marker commonly used to estimate GFR?

<p>Serum Creatinine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is most reliable for diagnosing CKD?

<p>Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is primarily used to reduce proteinuria in CKD?

<p>ACE inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of metabolic acidosis in CKD?

<p>Hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sodium restriction in CKD?

<p>Sodium restriction in CKD is primarily to reduce fluid retention and manage blood pressure, which helps prevent further kidney damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'secondary hyperparathyroidism' in the context of CKD.

<p>Secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD is the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to chronic hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, leading to bone disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of renin in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

<p>Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which eventually leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, helping regulate renal blood flow and GFR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD?

<p>Serum Bicarbonate levels are measured to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD?

<p>ESAs stimulate red blood cell production to manage anemia commonly associated with CKD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Diabetes Complications and Management

  • Chronic complications of diabetes include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Acute pancreatitis is not a chronic complication.
  • Rapid-acting insulin is known for the fastest onset of action compared to other insulin types.
  • Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the standard test to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetics.
  • Pioglitazone is contraindicated for patients with a history of bladder cancer due to safety concerns.
  • A hallmark of Type 1 Diabetes is autoimmune destruction of β-cells, which distinguishes it from Type 2 Diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often obesity.

Metabolic Syndrome and Symptoms of Conditions

  • Central obesity is a key feature of metabolic syndrome typically associated with Type 2 Diabetes.
  • Fatigue is a common early symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD), indicating the body's reduced ability to manage waste.
  • Potassium binders are utilized in managing hyperkalemia, a common issue in CKD.

Testing and Evaluation in CKD and Diabetes

  • The Urine Microalbumin test is frequently used to screen for early diabetic nephropathy.
  • Dapagliflozin is less likely to cause hypoglycemia compared to other diabetes medications.
  • Thiazide diuretics primarily inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, contributing to fluid management.
  • Anemia is a significant complication in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) that affects overall health.

Drug Safety and Kidney Function

  • Sulfonylureas should be used cautiously in elderly patients due to the risk of severe hypoglycemia.
  • The kidneys have the primary function of excreting waste products, crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
  • The kidneys also regulate blood pressure, underscoring their role in cardiovascular health.
  • Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) can pose risks, including an increased likelihood of cardiovascular events.

Markers and Diagnosis

  • Serum creatinine serves as an endogenous marker to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), important for assessing kidney function.
  • The most reliable method for diagnosing CKD is the measurement of GFR.
  • ACE inhibitors are commonly used to reduce proteinuria in CKD, enhancing kidney protection.
  • Hyperkalemia is identified as a sign of metabolic acidosis in CKD, indicating electrolyte imbalances.

Key Concepts in CKD Management

  • Sodium restriction helps minimize fluid retention and manage blood pressure in CKD patients, preventing further kidney damage.
  • Secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD results from chronic conditions like hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, impacting bone health.
  • Renin plays a critical role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), affecting blood pressure and renal function.
  • Serum bicarbonate levels are key to assessing the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD.
  • ESAs are crucial in stimulating red blood cell production for patients with anemia associated with CKD, addressing a common complication.

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