mix1.2

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a chronic complication of diabetes?

Neuropathy

Nephropathy

Retinopathy

Acute pancreatitis (correct)

Which of the following insulin types has the fastest onset of action?

Rapid-acting insulin (correct)

Intermediate-acting insulin

Long-acting insulin

Short-acting insulin

Which test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetics?

Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) (correct)

Random Blood Glucose (RBG)

Which drug is contraindicated in patients with a history of bladder cancer?

Pioglitazone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark sign of Type 1 Diabetes?

Autoimmune destruction of β-cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of metabolic syndrome often associated with Type 2 Diabetes?

Central obesity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common early symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is used to treat hyperkalemia in CKD?

Potassium binders Signup and view all the answers

Which test is often performed to screen for early diabetic nephropathy?

Urine Microalbumin test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is least likely to cause hypoglycemia?

Dapagliflozin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of thiazide diuretics?

Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key complication of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs should be used with caution in elderly patients due to the risk of severe hypoglycemia?

Sulfonylureas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of the kidney's excretory role?

Excrete waste products Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary regulatory function of the kidney?

Regulate blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key adverse effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)?

Increased risk of cardiovascular events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an endogenous marker commonly used to estimate GFR?

Serum Creatinine Signup and view all the answers

Which test is most reliable for diagnosing CKD?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is primarily used to reduce proteinuria in CKD?

ACE inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of metabolic acidosis in CKD?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sodium restriction in CKD?

Sodium restriction in CKD is primarily to reduce fluid retention and manage blood pressure, which helps prevent further kidney damage. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'secondary hyperparathyroidism' in the context of CKD.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD is the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to chronic hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, leading to bone disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of renin in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which eventually leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, helping regulate renal blood flow and GFR. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD?

Serum Bicarbonate levels are measured to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD?

ESAs stimulate red blood cell production to manage anemia commonly associated with CKD. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diabetes Complications and Management

Chronic complications of diabetes include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Acute pancreatitis is not a chronic complication.
Rapid-acting insulin is known for the fastest onset of action compared to other insulin types.
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the standard test to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetics.
Pioglitazone is contraindicated for patients with a history of bladder cancer due to safety concerns.
A hallmark of Type 1 Diabetes is autoimmune destruction of β-cells, which distinguishes it from Type 2 Diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often obesity.

Metabolic Syndrome and Symptoms of Conditions

Central obesity is a key feature of metabolic syndrome typically associated with Type 2 Diabetes.
Fatigue is a common early symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD), indicating the body's reduced ability to manage waste.
Potassium binders are utilized in managing hyperkalemia, a common issue in CKD.

Testing and Evaluation in CKD and Diabetes

The Urine Microalbumin test is frequently used to screen for early diabetic nephropathy.
Dapagliflozin is less likely to cause hypoglycemia compared to other diabetes medications.
Thiazide diuretics primarily inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, contributing to fluid management.
Anemia is a significant complication in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) that affects overall health.

Drug Safety and Kidney Function

Sulfonylureas should be used cautiously in elderly patients due to the risk of severe hypoglycemia.
The kidneys have the primary function of excreting waste products, crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
The kidneys also regulate blood pressure, underscoring their role in cardiovascular health.
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) can pose risks, including an increased likelihood of cardiovascular events.

Markers and Diagnosis

Serum creatinine serves as an endogenous marker to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR), important for assessing kidney function.
The most reliable method for diagnosing CKD is the measurement of GFR.
ACE inhibitors are commonly used to reduce proteinuria in CKD, enhancing kidney protection.
Hyperkalemia is identified as a sign of metabolic acidosis in CKD, indicating electrolyte imbalances.

Key Concepts in CKD Management

Sodium restriction helps minimize fluid retention and manage blood pressure in CKD patients, preventing further kidney damage.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD results from chronic conditions like hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, impacting bone health.
Renin plays a critical role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), affecting blood pressure and renal function.
Serum bicarbonate levels are key to assessing the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD.
ESAs are crucial in stimulating red blood cell production for patients with anemia associated with CKD, addressing a common complication.

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Description

Test your knowledge on diabetes management with this quiz focusing on chronic complications and types of insulin. Answer multiple-choice questions to see how well you understand these important concepts in diabetes care. Ideal for medical students and healthcare professionals.