Diabetes Management and Insulin Types
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Questions and Answers

What is a common side effect of dopamine antagonists?

  • Tachycardia (correct)
  • Muscle cramps
  • Epistaxis
  • Hypotension (correct)

    • Which of the following is a treatment indication for epinephrine?

  • Dehydration
  • Severe headache
  • Hypertension
  • Cardiovascular collapse (correct)

    • Which side effect is specifically associated with Ondansetron?

  • Increased appetite
  • Muscle weakness
  • Prolonged QT interval (correct)
  • Severe allergic reaction

    • What is a key concern when administering opiates for infectious diarrhea?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class commonly causes extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)?

    <p>Dopamine antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with oral anti-diabetics before surgery?

    <p>Lactic acidosis risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin has the fastest onset?

    <p>Rapid Acting Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Moon face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be monitored in patients taking fludrocortisone?

    <p>Potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Calcitrol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical administration method for long-acting insulin?

    <p>Subcutaneously once a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of vasopressin?

    <p>Watered down urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main complication of abruptly stopping glucocorticoids?

    <p>Adrenal insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common treatment for hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Partial or full parathyroidectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of short-acting insulin?

    <p>Peak action occurs in 1.5-3.5 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of antiulcer drugs?

    <p>Decrease vagal nerve activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of laxative works by pulling water into the colon?

    <p>Osmotic laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is associated with H2 blockers?

    <p>Erectile dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for PPI medications?

    <p>Inhibiting hydrogen/potassium ATPase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of calcium channel blockers?

    <p>To manage stable and variant angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur due to excessive calcium intake from certain antacid medications?

    <p>Burnett Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laxative type can lead to decreased muscle tone with prolonged use?

    <p>Stimulant laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect of calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key symptom of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which purpose are stimulant laxatives most commonly used?

    <p>Bowel prep for diagnostics or surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when taking Disulfiram (Antabuse)?

    <p>Alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of Milrinone in heart failure treatment?

    <p>Increases cAMP and promotes vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For how long should Milrinone be administered intravenously to avoid severe cardiac dysrhythmias?

    <p>48 to 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of anticholinergic medications?

    <p>Block cholinergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antidote for heparin overdose?

    <p>Protamine sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of all PPIs?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes a difference between heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH)?

    <p>LMWH can be administered at home with a lower risk of bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Blood backs up in the periphery causing edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with oral anticoagulants like Warfarin?

    <p>Prolonged bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary action of thrombolytics such as Alteplase?

    <p>Dissolve existing blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant side effect of statins?

    <p>Rhabdomyolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol absorption inhibitors require combination with which medication for optimal effectiveness?

    <p>Statins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major side effect of Niacin therapy?

    <p>Flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generation of cephalosporins is known for having broad coverage and better penetration of the cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Fifth generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do thrombolytics have on blood pressure?

    <p>They may cause low blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a side effect associated with statins?

    <p>Hair loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated hepatic enzymes are a common concern for patients taking which type of medication?

    <p>Statins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is a property of cholesterol absorption inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibit dietary cholesterol absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of lithium treatment that requires monitoring?

    <p>Toxicity at levels greater than 1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided for at least six hours before bedtime as part of insomnia patient education?

    <p>Heavy meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of inhaled anesthetics?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which appetite suppressant is associated with stimulant effects on the brain?

    <p>Phentermine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sedatives should be avoided in older adults due to excessive CNS depression?

    <p>Barbiturates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of general anesthesia?

    <p>Loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How soon does consciousness typically return after the discontinuation of inhaled anesthetics?

    <p>Minutes to an hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice for the use of short to intermediate acting benzodiazepines in older adults?

    <p>Use 4 times per week or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Patient Education for Oral Anti-Diabetics

    • Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes patients over 40 or diagnosed within the last 5 years
    • Considerations include normal weight or overweight individuals with fasting blood glucose at or below 200 mg/dL and those requiring less than 40 units of insulin per day
    • Normal renal and hepatic function is essential
    • Withhold for IV contrast or surgery; increases risk of lactic acidosis and risk of renal failure

    Types of Insulin

    • Rapid Acting (onset around 15 minutes): Insulin lispro (Humalog), Insulin aspart (NovoLog), Insulin glulisine (oral inhalation insulin)

    • Peak: Lispro and Aspart = 40 minutes; Glulisine and inhalation = 55 minutes

    • Duration: Between 1-3 hours

    • Administration: Before meals

    • Short Acting (onset 30 minutes): Regular Insulin(short)

    • Peak: 1-2 hours

    • Duration: 4-12 hours

    • Administration: SubQ or IV

    • Intermediate Acting (onset 1-2 hours): NPH Insulin Isophane

    • Peak: 4-12 hours

    • Duration: 12-24 hours

    • Administration: SubQ

    • Long Acting (onset 1-1.5 hours, does not peak): Insulin glargine (Lantus) and Insulin detemir

    • Peak: Does not peak

    • Duration: 24 hours

    • Administration: Once daily before bedtime

    Side Effects and Patient Education for Steroids

    • Glucocorticoids:
      • Increased blood glucose (steroid-induced DM)
      • Moon face/buffalo hump from fat deposition
      • Growth retardation
      • MUST taper off slowly to avoid adrenal insufficiency
    • Mineralocorticoids (Fludrocortisone):
      • Monitor potassium (K+) levels
      • Monitor for fluid imbalance, fluid overload, hypertension, hypokalemia, and GI distress

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential patient education on oral anti-diabetics for Type 2 diabetes, including guidelines for patients over 40 and insulin types. Learn about the characteristics, administration, and risks associated with various insulin types to optimize diabetes management.

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