Multiple1.2.docx

Multiple-Choice Questions: 1\. Which of the following is NOT a chronic complication of diabetes? \- A) Retinopathy \- B) Neuropathy \- C) Nephropathy \- D) Acute pancreatitis Answer: D) Acute pancreatitis 2\. Which of the following insulin types has the fastest onset of action? \- A) Rapid-a...

Multiple-Choice Questions: 1\. Which of the following is NOT a chronic complication of diabetes? \- A) Retinopathy \- B) Neuropathy \- C) Nephropathy \- D) Acute pancreatitis Answer: D) Acute pancreatitis 2\. Which of the following insulin types has the fastest onset of action? \- A) Rapid-acting insulin \- B) Short-acting insulin \- C) Intermediate-acting insulin \- D) Long-acting insulin Answer: A) Rapid-acting insulin 3\. Which test is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetics? \- A) Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) \- B) Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) \- C) Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) \- D) Random Blood Glucose (RBG) Answer: C) Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) 4\. Which drug is contraindicated in patients with a history of bladder cancer? \- A) Metformin \- B) Pioglitazone \- C) Sitagliptin \- D) Insulin Answer: B) Pioglitazone 5\. Which of the following is a hallmark sign of Type 1 Diabetes? \- A) Obesity \- B) Insulin resistance \- C) Autoimmune destruction of β-cells \- D) Gradual onset in older adults Answer: C) Autoimmune destruction of β-cells 6\. Which of the following is a key feature of metabolic syndrome often associated with Type 2 Diabetes? \- A) Hyperthyroidism \- B) Central obesity \- C) Hypercalcemia \- D) Hypotension Answer: B) Central obesity 7\. Which of the following is a common early symptom of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? \- A) Severe back pain \- B) Oliguria \- C) Hematuria \- D) Fatigue Answer: D) Fatigue 8\. Which drug class is used to treat hyperkalemia in CKD? \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) Potassium binders \- D) ACE inhibitors Answer: C) Potassium binders 9\. Which test is often performed to screen for early diabetic nephropathy? \- A) Serum creatinine \- B) Urine Microalbumin test \- C) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \- D) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Answer: B) Urine Microalbumin test 10\. Which of the following drugs is least likely to cause hypoglycemia? \- A) Glipizide \- B) Dapagliflozin \- C) Insulin \- D) Glimepiride Answer: B) Dapagliflozin 11\. What is the primary action of thiazide diuretics? \- A) Inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport in the loop of Henle \- B) Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule \- C) Increase calcium reabsorption \- D) Decrease potassium excretion Answer: B) Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule 12\. Which of the following is a key complication of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)? \- A) Hypertension \- B) Hyperglycemia \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Anemia Answer: D) Anemia 13\. Which of the following drugs should be used with caution in elderly patients due to the risk of severe hypoglycemia? \- A) Metformin \- B) Sulfonylureas \- C) DPP-4 inhibitors \- D) SGLT2 inhibitors Answer: B) Sulfonylureas 14\. Which of the following is a primary function of the kidney\'s excretory role? \- A) Regulate blood pressure \- B) Excrete waste products \- C) Produce red blood cells \- D) Regulate calcium levels Answer: B) Excrete waste products 15\. What is the primary regulatory function of the kidney? \- A) Regulate insulin levels \- B) Regulate blood pressure \- C) Regulate blood glucose levels \- D) Regulate protein synthesis Answer: B) Regulate blood pressure 16\. Which of the following is a key adverse effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)? \- A) Hypercalcemia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Increased risk of cardiovascular events \- D) Hypoglycemia Answer: C) Increased risk of cardiovascular events 17\. Which of the following is an endogenous marker commonly used to estimate GFR? \- A) Urea \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Albumin \- D) Glucose Answer: B) Serum Creatinine 18\. Which test is most reliable for diagnosing CKD? \- A) Serum glucose levels \- B) Serum creatinine levels \- C) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \- D) Blood pressure monitoring Answer: C) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 19\. Which drug class is primarily used to reduce proteinuria in CKD? \- A) Statins \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Calcium channel blockers Answer: C) ACE inhibitors 20\. Which of the following is a sign of metabolic acidosis in CKD? \- A) Hypokalemia \- B) Hyperkalemia \- C) Hypocalcemia \- D) Hypernatremia Answer: B) Hyperkalemia Short Answer Questions: 1\. What is the primary purpose of sodium restriction in CKD? \- Answer: Sodium restriction in CKD is primarily to reduce fluid retention and manage blood pressure, which helps prevent further kidney damage. 2\. Explain the term 'secondary hyperparathyroidism' in the context of CKD. \- Answer: Secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD is the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to chronic hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, leading to bone disease. 3\. What is the role of renin in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? \- Answer: Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which eventually leads to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, helping regulate renal blood flow and GFR. 4\. Which of the following is used to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD? \- Answer: Serum Bicarbonate levels are measured to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in CKD. 5\. What is the main effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CKD? \- Answer: ESAs stimulate red blood cell production to manage anemia commonly associated with CKD. \-\-- These questions and answers align with the content from the provided PDFs on diabetes, CKD, and related pharmacology.