Developmental Psychology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism that helps young children regulate their behavior and emotions?

  • Engaging in internal dialogue or 'talking to themselves' (correct)
  • Building a strong sense of self-reliance and independence
  • Observing and imitating the behavior of role models
  • Developing a strong sense of empathy and understanding others' feelings

    • At what age do children typically begin to understand that others can have beliefs different from their own?

  • Between 3 and 4.5 years old (correct)
  • Between 8 and 10 years old
  • Around 6 years old
  • Around 18 months

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorder?

  • Difficulty understanding and responding to non-verbal cues
  • Challenges in developing theory of mind
  • Strong language skills compared to their peers (correct)
  • Reduced ability to engage in pretend play

    • What is the primary factor that leads to stranger anxiety in infants around 8 months of age?

    <p>Difficulty integrating new faces into their existing mental schemas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason infants cling to caregivers when frightened?

    <p>They seek physical comfort and reassurance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which developmental period are attachments primarily based on familiarity?

    <p>Late infancy (6-12 months) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between imprinting and attachment in human children?

    <p>Imprinting is a rigid, instinctive bond, while attachment is more flexible and develops gradually. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of securely attached children?

    <p>They are more susceptible to developing behavioral problems later in life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to dementia?

    <p>Regular exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, what is the characteristic ability that emerges in the formal operational stage?

    <p>Ability to think abstractly and deduce consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between Piaget's theory and contemporary research on cognitive development?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common early sign of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Diminishing sense of smell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is fluid intelligence (Gf) different from crystallized intelligence (Gc)?

    <p>Gf relates to problem-solving, while Gc involves accumulated knowledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core concept of 'object permanence'?

    <p>The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A toddler who calls all four-legged animals 'dogs' is demonstrating which concept?

    <p>Assimilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument against the effectiveness of brain training programs?

    <p>The skills learned in brain training programs don't transfer to other cognitive tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 'scaffolding' assist children's cognitive development, according to Vygotsky?

    <p>It provides a temporary support system that allows children to reach higher levels of thinking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does exercise help in slowing down the aging process?

    <p>By stimulating neurogenesis and maintaining telomeres. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of hearing loss on cognitive decline?

    <p>Hearing loss can lead to social isolation and depression, which in turn contribute to cognitive decline. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is NOT directly associated with Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>Scaffolding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "terminal decline" refer to?

    <p>The gradual decline in cognitive function that occurs in the years leading up to death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory?

    <p>Acquiring the ability to represent schemas and feelings symbolically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a primary mental ability according to Thurstone's theory?

    <p>Fluid intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does modern research challenge Piaget's views on the development of formal operational thinking?

    <p>Formal operational thinking is now seen as less central to cognition than Piaget originally proposed. (A), Formal operational thinking is a more gradual process than Piaget described, with some aspects developing earlier in life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Sternberg's theory of intelligence and Gardner's multiple intelligences?

    <p>Sternberg emphasizes the importance of practical intelligence, while Gardner focuses on specific abilities like musical and kinesthetic intelligence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's perspectives on cognitive development?

    <p>Piaget emphasized the role of physical experiences, while Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'zone of proximal development' in Vygotsky's theory?

    <p>The range of tasks a child can complete with the help of a more knowledgeable individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence is most closely associated with success in school?

    <p>Analytical intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a factor that, when present, INCREASES intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Expectation of an extrinsic reward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the 'overjustification effect'?

    <p>Extrinsic motivation can diminish intrinsic motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which of the following tasks would be performed best under high arousal levels?

    <p>Playing a simple game of tic-tac-toe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the Drive Reduction Theory of motivation?

    <p>Motivation arises from a need to maintain a balance within a biological system, and behaviors are driven to restore that balance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by fat cells and helps regulate hunger by increasing metabolism and decreasing appetite?

    <p>Leptin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, which type of reward has a more negative effect on intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Tangible rewards like money (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these scenarios is most likely to lead to increased intrinsic motivation in a student?

    <p>A teacher creates a classroom environment where students feel respected and have some control over their learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is most closely associated with the idea that behavior is driven by the need to achieve and maintain balance within a biological system?

    <p>Drive Reduction Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain regions is NOT directly involved in regulating hunger?

    <p>Amygdala (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the Optimal Arousal Theory of motivation?

    <p>People are motivated to maintain a consistent level of arousal, seeking out stimulation when under-aroused and relaxation when over-aroused. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the relationship between expectation and intrinsic motivation?

    <p>Expectation of an extrinsic reward can decrease intrinsic motivation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conclusion about gender differences in intelligence according to the content?

    <p>There is no significant difference in intelligence between men and women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor contributing to stereotype threat?

    <p>Anxiety associated with confirming a negative stereotype about their identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a primary motivation for intrinsically driven behavior?

    <p>Financial reward (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core argument behind the statement that IQ tests are biased in everyday language?

    <p>IQ tests are inherently unfair because they measure developed abilities influenced by education and experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the most effective way to encourage a growth mindset in individuals?

    <p>Focusing on praising individuals' effort rather than their innate ability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of gender equality affect gender gaps in achievement?

    <p>Countries with higher levels of gender equality tend to exhibit smaller gender gaps in academic performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument regarding group differences in heritable traits according to the content?

    <p>Environmental factors play a significant role in explaining differences in intellectual abilities between groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cross-Sectional Study

    • Compares people of different ages at the same time
    • Less expensive and easier to conduct
    • Limitation: Cohort effect - influences from a specific time period

    Longitudinal Study

    • Repeatedly tests the same participants over time
    • Limitation: Expensive and difficult to retain participants

    Sequential Study

    • Repeatedly tests many age cohorts over time

    Prenatal Development

    • Impacts of genes and environment
    • Fetus responds to sound at 6 months
    • Methods of baby communication: gaze, sucking, turning heads
    • Habituation: decrease in response to repeated stimulation

    Cognitive Development (Piaget)

    • Cognitive development stages
    • Lawrence Kohlberg: moral development
    • Erik Erikson: psychosocial development
    • End of history illusion: people think they haven't changed much (or not at all) during the last decade but can recognize they have in fact changed when they reflect on it

    Language Learning in the Womb

    • Babies can recognize fake words or sounds repeated in the womb

    Teratogens

    • Environmental factors (drugs, viruses, etc) that may damage an embryo or fetus
    • Teratogens produce epigenetic effects: leave chemical marks on DNA, change gene expression

    Habituation

    • Decrease in response to repeated stimulation
    • Allows researchers to understand how infants perceive and remember information

    Brain Development

    • Most brain cells are present at birth
    • Nervous system immature at birth
    • Frontal lobes grow quickly during 3-6 years of age
    • Association areas develop last, which is linked to mental abilities

    Skills in Babies

    • Physical skills like walking are linked to neural network development
    • Massage and exercise in babies can accelerate walking

    Infant Learning

    • Procedural memories and skills can be learned and remembered
    • Traces of forgotten childhood languages may exist in unconscious mind

    Cognition

    • Mental activities related to thinking, knowing, remembering
    • communication

    Piaget's Core Idea

    • Intellectual progression is a continuous struggle to understand experiences
    • The brain builds schemas to organize interactions

    Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)

    • Learning occurs through actions and senses
    • Object permanence: understanding that objects continue to exist even when not perceived
    • Baby physics (expectation violation): infants stare longer when objects don't behave as anticipated

    Preoperational Stage (2-7)

    • Symbolic thinking & pretend play; conceptualization of images and words
    • Egocentrism: difficulty seeing things from other perspectives
    • Conservation: recognizing that certain properties remain the same despite changes in form

    Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)

    • Understanding basic operations like conservation.
    • Grasping the operations of conservation (recognizing that quantity doesn't change with shape)
    • Can do abstract thoughts with physical materials

    Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood)

    • Abstract thinking and reasoning
    • Formal operational thinking: deductive reasoning
    • Culture influences cognitive development
    • Formal Logic is not crucial to cognitive development like before

    Vygotsky's Theory

    • Child's mind develops through social interaction.
    • Scaffolding: temporary support given to children learning crucial development milestones
    • Language assists children in their development

    Emotional Attachment & Parenting Styles

    • Critical periods for building attachments
    • Imprinting = rigid attachment process
    • Secure attachment = responsive/sensitive mother
    • Insecure attachments (anxious and avoidant) = insensitive unresponsive parents
    • Authoritarian = impose rules
    • Permissive = few demands
    • Neglectful = uninvolved
    • Authoritative = set rules but encourage open discussion

    Baby Development/Attachment

    • Stranger anxiety: distress when encountering strangers (around 8 months)
    • Recognizing words or sounds in their mothers tongue/language whilst in the womb

    Negative Emotions/Age

    • Negative emotions decrease with age
    • Older adults process/change negative emotions faster than young adults
    • Older adults are more likely to experience mixed emotions
    • Changes in aging brain: telomeres shorten, pupils shrink, and less of the brain's light perception

    Baby Memory/Brain Training

    • Ability to recall new info declines while ability to recognize info remains strong
    • Memory regions atrophy, blood brain barrier breaks down in hippocampus during aging
    • Brain plasticity/neural networks remain
    • Exercise slows aging, maintains telomeres and slows Alzheimer's

    Brain, Intelligence & Cognitive Function

    • Stroke, brain tumors, alcohol, and smoking cause damages to the brain
    • Alzheimers: caused by the deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine
    • Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence are important factors in overall intelligence score
    • General intelligence is related to high scores in different categories
    • Spearman, Thurstone, and Cattell-Hormon-Carroll theories of Intelligence are important

    Intelligence/IQ Testing

    • IQ tests are commonly standardized, reliable and valid.
    • Standardized testing involves a large group of people in similar situations
    • Alfred Binet created an IQ test to measure mental age
    • Lewis Terman's Stanford-Binet test built on Alfred Binet's work and is the basis of many IQ tests today
    • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for younger people, are commonly used tests today.
    • Correlations between IQ tests and academic achievement are weaker as education level increases but not totally irrelevant.

    Other Important Aspects of Development in Adults

    • High-extreme IQs
    • Groups of students by aptitude
    • Intelligence stability and change across lifespan
    • Wisdom and Relationship of Wisdom to age
    • Heredity/heritability of intelligence (influence of genetics)
    • Intelligence and culture
    • Gender intelligence differences
    • Epigenetics: how genetic characteristics change due to environment
    • Poor environments effect characteristics

    Motivation

    • Fixed patterns of behaviour (instincts)
    • Drive reduction theory: maintain homeostasis
    • Optimal arousal theory: moderate arousal is best
    • Maslow's hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization
    • Motivation continuum: from amotivation to intrinsic motivation
    • Expectancy Theory of Motivation
    • Social isolation can hurt health

    Sex/Sexual Orientation

    • Sexual orientation mainly driven by pleasure not reproduction
    • Sexual orientation is often stable in one's lifespan and genetically influenced.
    • Transgenders are distinct from homosexuals, according to Henry Ellis

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in developmental psychology. This quiz covers various stages of child development, attachment theories, and the differences between Piaget's theories and contemporary research. Perfect for students of psychology or anyone interested in understanding child behavior and emotions.

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