Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the key contributions of cultural characteristics based on Hofstede’s dimensions to temperament dimensions?
What is one of the key contributions of cultural characteristics based on Hofstede’s dimensions to temperament dimensions?
- They influence the expression of approach behaviors. (correct)
- They change the genetic makeup of the child.
- They have no effect on temperamental variations.
- They determine the physiological aspects of the parent.
Which factor does NOT contribute to variations in temperament according to the research?
Which factor does NOT contribute to variations in temperament according to the research?
- Educational attainment of parents (correct)
- Cultural norms and values
- Specific environmental demands
- Physiological aspects of the mother
What outcome relates to behavioral inhibition in infants, as identified in the research?
What outcome relates to behavioral inhibition in infants, as identified in the research?
- It is a universal aspect without cultural variation.
- It leads to universally high levels of comfort in novel situations.
- It entirely depends on the economic status of the family.
- The consequences vary by culture despite the universal presence of fear. (correct)
Which of the following statements about temperament and culture is true?
Which of the following statements about temperament and culture is true?
How do temperamental styles valued in a culture relate to personality differences in adults?
How do temperamental styles valued in a culture relate to personality differences in adults?
What is meant by the term 'goodness of fit' in relation to children's temperament?
What is meant by the term 'goodness of fit' in relation to children's temperament?
According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, what is the primary function of attachment in infants?
According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, what is the primary function of attachment in infants?
What may account for cultural differences in infant temperament?
What may account for cultural differences in infant temperament?
What are some characteristics of behavioral inhibition as identified in cross-cultural studies?
What are some characteristics of behavioral inhibition as identified in cross-cultural studies?
Which aspect of child development may help in understanding how cultural values are internalized?
Which aspect of child development may help in understanding how cultural values are internalized?
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Study Notes
Temperament
- Temperament is a person's innate behavioral style and emotional reactivity.
- Thomas and Chess's three temperamental styles: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
- "Goodness of fit": the match between a child's temperament and their environment, crucial for healthy development.
- Cross-cultural research shows variations in temperamental styles due to cultural values, environment, parenting practices, and physiological factors.
- Behavioral inhibition: infants from around the world exhibit fear or discomfort in response to novel stimuli, but the developmental consequences vary culturally.
Attachment
- Attachment: the strong emotional bond formed between infants and primary caregivers, providing emotional security.
- Separation distress: infants experience distress when separated from their primary caregiver.
- Attachment styles: Ainsworth identified three:
- Secure attachment: infants are distressed by separation but comforted upon reunion.
- Ambivalent attachment: infants are distressed by separation and display mixed signals upon reunion.
- Avoidant attachment: infants show little distress upon separation and avoid reunion.
- Studies have found variations in attachment styles across cultures, with some styles being more prevalent or absent in certain cultures.
Cross-cultural Attachment
- Cross-cultural studies: hundreds of studies have been conducted globally using the Strange Situation assessment.
- Cultural models:
- Autonomy model: emphasizes the emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
- Hierarchical relatedness model: emphasizes interconnectedness within a social network.
- Hybrid model: combines elements of both autonomy and hierarchical relatedness.
- Attachment research must consider the influence of culture on parenting practices and attachment styles.
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