Developmental Psychology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the central focus of Bandura's social cognitive theory?

  • Unconscious drives and instincts
  • Conditioned responses to rewards
  • Imitation and modeling (correct)
  • Development based solely on genetic factors

    • Which statement best describes Skinner's operant conditioning theory?

  • Behavior is learned through observation of peers.
  • Behavior develops independently of the social environment.
  • Behavior is solely influenced by genetic predispositions.
  • Behavior is modified through reward and punishment. (correct)

    • During late adulthood, what developmental challenge do individuals face?

  • Intimacy vs. isolation
  • Identity vs. role confusion
  • Integrity vs. despair (correct)
  • Trust vs. mistrust

    • How do behavioral theories define the influence of the environment on behavior?

    <p>It plays a crucial role in shaping learned behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant implication of Bandura’s emphasis on change over stability?

    <p>Changes in the environment can lead to changes in behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the intentional government intervention aimed at altering indigenous kinship structures in Canada?

    <p>Cultural genocide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the biological aspect of aging, focusing on health and functional capacities of vital organs?

    <p>Biological age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'nurture' signify in the context of development?

    <p>An organism's environmental experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In developmental psychology, which concept deals with the balance between societal influences and individual control over life choices?

    <p>Structure and agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental theory suggests that traits develop gradually and continuously?

    <p>Continuity theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'ageism' in the context of developmental science?

    <p>A focus on younger individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which an organism develops through distinct stages, such as a caterpillar transforming into a butterfly, is known as what?

    <p>Discontinuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychology, the debate over whether findings apply universally or are specific to particular cultures relates to which concept?

    <p>Universal and particular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychodynamic theories of development?

    <p>Inner forces, conflicts, and early experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages is NOT part of Freud's psychosexual development?

    <p>Social stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson’s psychosocial theory, what challenge do children face during early childhood (ages 1-3)?

    <p>Autonomy vs. shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used in psychodynamic therapy to uncover unconscious motives?

    <p>Dream interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do psychodynamic theories emphasize the nature of human development?

    <p>Discontinuity and emotional drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental issue is faced during adolescence according to Erikson's psychosocial theory?

    <p>Identity vs. confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes ethnocentrism?

    <p>Believing one's own culture is superior or normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of Erikson's psychosocial theory regarding the stages of development?

    <p>They emphasize conflict resolution across the lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes the importance of critical periods in biological development?

    <p>Ethological theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of evolutionary theory in human development?

    <p>The adaptation value of behaviors for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of research design would a case study typically be used?

    <p>Descriptive research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'nurture over nature' imply in human development?

    <p>Environmental factors shape development more than biological factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of using case studies in research?

    <p>They lack generalizability to broader populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the macrosystem in human development?

    <p>Biochemical processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself functionally and structurally?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

    <p>The reasoning behind moral decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

    <p>Postoperational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Vygotsky's view of cognitive development differ from that of Piaget?

    <p>Vygotsky regards social interactions as essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes how sociocultural theories view humans?

    <p>Social beings influenced by cultural contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kohlberg's moral development theory, which stage focuses on avoiding punishment?

    <p>Preconventional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

    <p>It describes humans as embedded in various environmental layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one result of Piaget's cognitive development theory's emphasis on cognitive stages?

    <p>Children progress through distinct stages at varied rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used by sociocultural theorists to study development?

    <p>Cross-cultural studies and naturalistic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of observational research during recess?

    <p>It may suffer from observer effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is random sampling important in survey research?

    <p>It ensures that the sample can be generalized to the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive correlation coefficient indicate?

    <p>Higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of correlational research?

    <p>It cannot determine cause and effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In experimental research, what is the role of the independent variable (IV)?

    <p>It is the variable that is being manipulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue regarding the validity of experimental research findings?

    <p>Variables in experiments are rarely isolated from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of cross-sectional design in developmental research?

    <p>To compare individuals of various ages at one point in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the fallacy that correlation implies causation?

    <p>Misinterpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Week 1 Notes

    • Development is a lifelong process, encompassing all ages, not just infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Early, middle, and late adulthood also present unique challenges and opportunities.
    • Development is multidimensional, incorporating biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. These processes are interconnected and influence each other reciprocally.
    • Human development is plastic; individuals have the capacity to change over their lifespan and move along different developmental pathways, potentially influenced by social circumstances and devastating injury. Plasticity varies across the lifespan.
    • Human development occurs within a specific historical and cultural context. Social, economic, and cultural factors shape developmental trajectories and expectations.
    • Human development is co-constructed, meaning that individuals develop within and are influenced by the interactions of their social and cultural environments, including family expectations and religious beliefs.

    Week 2 Notes

    • Theory in developmental psychology is a coherent set of ideas used to explain phenomena and make predictions.
    • Developmental phenomena are aspects of growth and change that happen across the lifespan.
    • Developmental predictions are conclusions derived from developmental theories about how biological processes and social environments interplay to shape human development.

    Psychodynamic Theories

    • Founding figures include Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, and Anna Freud.
    • Human development is viewed as being influenced by unconscious motivations and internal conflicts, particularly those arising in early childhood.
    • Freud's psychosexual stages propose that development occurs in stages influenced by unconscious needs: Oral (0-2), Anal (2-4), Phallic (4-6), Latency (7-11), and Genital (12+).
    • Erikson's psychosocial stages emphasizes psychosocial development from infancy through adulthood. These stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.

    Behavioral Theories

    • Key figures in this area of study include Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura.
    • Humans are fundamentally in reaction to their environments. Behavior is a result of past learning, conditioned responses, and stimuli in the environment
    • Skinner's Operant Conditioning, focuses on learned behavior through reinforcement and punishment.
    • Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, emphasizes observational learning and modeling.

    Humanistic Theories

    • Key figures include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
    • Humanistic theories emphasize free will, personal choices, and the pursuit of self-actualization.
    • Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that individuals must satisfy basic needs like physiological and safety needs, before they can focus on higher-level needs like self-esteem and self-actualization.

    Cognitive Theories

    • Key figures include Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg.
    • Focuses on how thoughts, planning, perceptions, attention, memory, and other cognitive processes change over time
    • Piaget's stages of cognitive development outlines the progression of cognitive abilities from sensorimotor intelligence to formal operational thought: Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11) , Formal Operational (12+)
    • Kohlberg's stages of moral development details the changes in moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

    Sociocultural Theories

    • Key figures include Lev Vygotsky and Urie Bronfenbrenner.
    • Development is viewed as inseparable from social and cultural interactions. Social interactions and cultural experiences shape development. These influence behavior.
    • Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and culturally defined tools in cognitive development. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory considers various environmental systems influencing development.

    Biological Theories

    • Key figures include Charles Darwin and Francis Galton.
    • Development is influenced by our genes, hormones, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and other biological processes. Biological processes occur from the genetic, hormonal, biochemical, neurological level.
    • Ethological theory emphasizes critical or sensitive periods in development.
    • Evolutionary theory examines the adaptive value of behaviors.
    • Neuroplasticity describes the biochemical and structural changes in the brain throughout life.

    Research Methods in Developmental Psychology

    • Descriptive Research gathers data on behavior in natural settings.
    • Case studies are in-depth analyses of individuals or groups.
    • Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in its natural context.
    • Survey research collects data from a large number of participants using questionnaires.
    • Correlational research explores relationships between variables.
    • Experimental research investigates cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables and controlling other factors.
    • Developmental designs including cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential.

    Additional Features of Developmental Designs

    • Cross-sectional compares people of varying ages at one point in time.
    • Longitudinal follows the same participants over an extended period.
    • Sequential combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to study development.

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    Midterm 3 Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in developmental psychology, including Bandura's social cognitive theory and Skinner's operant conditioning. Explore the challenges faced during late adulthood, the influence of environment on behavior, and the interplay between societal influences and individual choices.

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