Developmental Psychology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the central focus of Bandura's social cognitive theory?

  • Unconscious drives and instincts
  • Conditioned responses to rewards
  • Imitation and modeling (correct)
  • Development based solely on genetic factors

Which statement best describes Skinner's operant conditioning theory?

  • Behavior is learned through observation of peers.
  • Behavior develops independently of the social environment.
  • Behavior is solely influenced by genetic predispositions.
  • Behavior is modified through reward and punishment. (correct)

During late adulthood, what developmental challenge do individuals face?

  • Intimacy vs. isolation
  • Identity vs. role confusion
  • Integrity vs. despair (correct)
  • Trust vs. mistrust

How do behavioral theories define the influence of the environment on behavior?

<p>It plays a crucial role in shaping learned behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant implication of Bandura’s emphasis on change over stability?

<p>Changes in the environment can lead to changes in behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the intentional government intervention aimed at altering indigenous kinship structures in Canada?

<p>Cultural genocide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the biological aspect of aging, focusing on health and functional capacities of vital organs?

<p>Biological age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nurture' signify in the context of development?

<p>An organism's environmental experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In developmental psychology, which concept deals with the balance between societal influences and individual control over life choices?

<p>Structure and agency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental theory suggests that traits develop gradually and continuously?

<p>Continuity theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'ageism' in the context of developmental science?

<p>A focus on younger individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which an organism develops through distinct stages, such as a caterpillar transforming into a butterfly, is known as what?

<p>Discontinuity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychology, the debate over whether findings apply universally or are specific to particular cultures relates to which concept?

<p>Universal and particular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychodynamic theories of development?

<p>Inner forces, conflicts, and early experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is NOT part of Freud's psychosexual development?

<p>Social stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson’s psychosocial theory, what challenge do children face during early childhood (ages 1-3)?

<p>Autonomy vs. shame (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used in psychodynamic therapy to uncover unconscious motives?

<p>Dream interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do psychodynamic theories emphasize the nature of human development?

<p>Discontinuity and emotional drives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental issue is faced during adolescence according to Erikson's psychosocial theory?

<p>Identity vs. confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ethnocentrism?

<p>Believing one's own culture is superior or normal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of Erikson's psychosocial theory regarding the stages of development?

<p>They emphasize conflict resolution across the lifespan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the importance of critical periods in biological development?

<p>Ethological theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of evolutionary theory in human development?

<p>The adaptation value of behaviors for survival (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of research design would a case study typically be used?

<p>Descriptive research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'nurture over nature' imply in human development?

<p>Environmental factors shape development more than biological factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of using case studies in research?

<p>They lack generalizability to broader populations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the macrosystem in human development?

<p>Biochemical processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself functionally and structurally?

<p>Neuroplasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

<p>The reasoning behind moral decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

<p>Postoperational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Vygotsky's view of cognitive development differ from that of Piaget?

<p>Vygotsky regards social interactions as essential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes how sociocultural theories view humans?

<p>Social beings influenced by cultural contexts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's moral development theory, which stage focuses on avoiding punishment?

<p>Preconventional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

<p>It describes humans as embedded in various environmental layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one result of Piaget's cognitive development theory's emphasis on cognitive stages?

<p>Children progress through distinct stages at varied rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used by sociocultural theorists to study development?

<p>Cross-cultural studies and naturalistic observation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of observational research during recess?

<p>It may suffer from observer effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is random sampling important in survey research?

<p>It ensures that the sample can be generalized to the population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive correlation coefficient indicate?

<p>Higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of correlational research?

<p>It cannot determine cause and effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In experimental research, what is the role of the independent variable (IV)?

<p>It is the variable that is being manipulated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue regarding the validity of experimental research findings?

<p>Variables in experiments are rarely isolated from each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of cross-sectional design in developmental research?

<p>To compare individuals of various ages at one point in time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the fallacy that correlation implies causation?

<p>Misinterpretation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Developmental Politics

The idea that governments influence the development of citizens through social policies and political actions.

Government Intervention

Governments can intentionally interfere with development processes, often for political purposes.

Chronological Age

The number of years since someone's birth.

Biological Age

How well someone's body functions based on various health factors.

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Psychological Age

A person's mental capacity for learning, reasoning, and memory.

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Social Age

A person's position in society and their social roles and experiences.

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Nature vs. Nurture

The ongoing debate about whether our development is primarily influenced by our genetic makeup (nature) or our environment (nurture).

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Structure & Agency

The concept that we have some control over our lives (agency) but also face limitations and influences (structure).

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Integrity vs. Despair

The final psychosocial stage of development, where individuals in late adulthood (60+) reflect on their life experiences, seeking meaning and acceptance. They strive to find peace with their accomplishments and failures, achieving a sense of integrity or feeling despair over missed opportunities.

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Developmental Crisis

A significant challenge or turning point in a person's life that requires them to adapt and grow. Each stage of development has a unique crisis that must be addressed to move to the next stage successfully.

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Behavioral Theories

These theories focus on how environmental stimuli and learning experiences shape our behavior. They emphasize the role of conditioning, rewards, punishments, and observation in shaping development.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behaviors are modified based on their consequences. Reinforcement (rewards) increases the likelihood of a behavior, while punishment decreases it.

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Social Cognitive Theory

This theory emphasizes the importance of observation and modeling in learning. We acquire new behaviors by observing others and imitating their actions.

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Theory

A set of interconnected ideas that explains why things happen and predicts what might occur.

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Developmental Phenomena

Changes and growth in people throughout their lives, including gaining skills and facing challenges at different ages.

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Developmental Predictions

How biological processes and environments influence a person's development over time.

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Psychodynamic Theory

A theory that emphasizes unconscious drives, conflicts, and early experiences as shaping human behavior.

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Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Five stages of childhood development focused on erogenous zones and the impact of experiences on personality.

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Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Eight stages of life, each with a psychosocial crisis to resolve, influencing personality development.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage of Erikson's theory where infants develop a sense of trust based on their caregiver's responsiveness.

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Identity vs. Confusion

The fifth stage where adolescents explore who they are and find their place in the world.

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Cognitive Development

The process of how our thinking abilities change and grow throughout life.

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Piaget's Stages

A theory that describes four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

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Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)

Infants learn through sensory experiences and physical actions, such as grasping and sucking.

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Preoperational Stage (2-7)

Children begin to use symbols and language to represent objects and ideas, but their thinking is still egocentric.

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Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)

Children develop logical reasoning and problem-solving skills, but their thinking is still tied to concrete experiences.

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Formal Operational Stage (11+)

Adolescents and adults gain the ability to think abstractly, hypothetically, and deductively.

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Describes how our sense of right and wrong evolves through three stages: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in shaping cognitive development.

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Exosystem

The social and institutional contexts that influence a child's development, such as mass media, social services, and the legal system.

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Macrosystem

The broader cultural, political, and economic forces that shape a person's life, such as prevailing attitudes, ideologies, and values.

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Ethological Theory

This theory emphasizes the importance of critical or sensitive periods for biological development, where certain experiences are crucial for healthy development.

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Evolutionary Theory

This theory suggests that human behaviors have evolved over time to provide survival and reproductive advantages.

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Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience, affecting both its biochemical processes and physical structure.

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Case Study

An in-depth analysis of a single individual, group, or event, often used to study rare phenomena or gain a deep understanding of a particular case.

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Naturalistic Observation

A research method where researchers observe behavior as it unfolds naturally in a real-world setting, without manipulation.

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Descriptive Research

A type of research that aims to describe and categorize human behavior and experiences in the real world, often in naturalistic settings.

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Observer Effects

Changes in behavior that occur when people know they are being observed.

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Random Sampling

A method of selecting participants for a survey where everyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen.

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Correlation

A relationship between two variables where changes in one are associated with changes in the other.

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Correlation Coefficient

A number that measures the strength and direction of a correlation.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured in an experiment.

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Cross-Sectional Design

A research design that compares people of different ages at a single point in time.

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Study Notes

Week 1 Notes

  • Development is a lifelong process, encompassing all ages, not just infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Early, middle, and late adulthood also present unique challenges and opportunities.
  • Development is multidimensional, incorporating biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. These processes are interconnected and influence each other reciprocally.
  • Human development is plastic; individuals have the capacity to change over their lifespan and move along different developmental pathways, potentially influenced by social circumstances and devastating injury. Plasticity varies across the lifespan.
  • Human development occurs within a specific historical and cultural context. Social, economic, and cultural factors shape developmental trajectories and expectations.
  • Human development is co-constructed, meaning that individuals develop within and are influenced by the interactions of their social and cultural environments, including family expectations and religious beliefs.

Week 2 Notes

  • Theory in developmental psychology is a coherent set of ideas used to explain phenomena and make predictions.
  • Developmental phenomena are aspects of growth and change that happen across the lifespan.
  • Developmental predictions are conclusions derived from developmental theories about how biological processes and social environments interplay to shape human development.

Psychodynamic Theories

  • Founding figures include Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, and Anna Freud.
  • Human development is viewed as being influenced by unconscious motivations and internal conflicts, particularly those arising in early childhood.
  • Freud's psychosexual stages propose that development occurs in stages influenced by unconscious needs: Oral (0-2), Anal (2-4), Phallic (4-6), Latency (7-11), and Genital (12+).
  • Erikson's psychosocial stages emphasizes psychosocial development from infancy through adulthood. These stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.

Behavioral Theories

  • Key figures in this area of study include Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura.
  • Humans are fundamentally in reaction to their environments. Behavior is a result of past learning, conditioned responses, and stimuli in the environment
  • Skinner's Operant Conditioning, focuses on learned behavior through reinforcement and punishment.
  • Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, emphasizes observational learning and modeling.

Humanistic Theories

  • Key figures include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
  • Humanistic theories emphasize free will, personal choices, and the pursuit of self-actualization.
  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that individuals must satisfy basic needs like physiological and safety needs, before they can focus on higher-level needs like self-esteem and self-actualization.

Cognitive Theories

  • Key figures include Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg.
  • Focuses on how thoughts, planning, perceptions, attention, memory, and other cognitive processes change over time
  • Piaget's stages of cognitive development outlines the progression of cognitive abilities from sensorimotor intelligence to formal operational thought: Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete Operational (7-11) , Formal Operational (12+)
  • Kohlberg's stages of moral development details the changes in moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

Sociocultural Theories

  • Key figures include Lev Vygotsky and Urie Bronfenbrenner.
  • Development is viewed as inseparable from social and cultural interactions. Social interactions and cultural experiences shape development. These influence behavior.
  • Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and culturally defined tools in cognitive development. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory considers various environmental systems influencing development.

Biological Theories

  • Key figures include Charles Darwin and Francis Galton.
  • Development is influenced by our genes, hormones, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and other biological processes. Biological processes occur from the genetic, hormonal, biochemical, neurological level.
  • Ethological theory emphasizes critical or sensitive periods in development.
  • Evolutionary theory examines the adaptive value of behaviors.
  • Neuroplasticity describes the biochemical and structural changes in the brain throughout life.

Research Methods in Developmental Psychology

  • Descriptive Research gathers data on behavior in natural settings.
  • Case studies are in-depth analyses of individuals or groups.
  • Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in its natural context.
  • Survey research collects data from a large number of participants using questionnaires.
  • Correlational research explores relationships between variables.
  • Experimental research investigates cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables and controlling other factors.
  • Developmental designs including cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential.

Additional Features of Developmental Designs

  • Cross-sectional compares people of varying ages at one point in time.
  • Longitudinal follows the same participants over an extended period.
  • Sequential combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to study development.

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Midterm 3 Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in developmental psychology, including Bandura's social cognitive theory and Skinner's operant conditioning. Explore the challenges faced during late adulthood, the influence of environment on behavior, and the interplay between societal influences and individual choices.

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