Erikson's Stages & Bandura's Social Learning Theory

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Questions and Answers

At what age range does Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority occur?

0 to 4 years

18 to 40 years

13 to 18 years

5 to 12 years (correct)

What is the primary focus during the identity versus role confusion stage?

Learning academic skills

Contributing to society

Forming intimate relationships

Searching for personal identity (correct)

Which stage focuses on forming close relationships?

Intimacy vs. Isolation (correct)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Industry vs. Inferiority

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

What does generativity refer to in Erikson's psychosocial development?

Creating a positive legacy Signup and view all the answers

At what life stage does ego integrity versus despair occur?

Older adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of Bandura's reciprocal determinism?

People shape their environment while being shaped by it Signup and view all the answers

How do people primarily learn appropriate social behaviors according to classic social learning theory?

By imitating models in their environment Signup and view all the answers

What age range is associated with the generativity versus stagnation stage?

40 to 65 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a key development during late adulthood?

Search for meaning in life Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual development?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud suggest happens if an individual's needs are not adequately met at a stage?

They may experience frustration and fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of overindulgence in a particular psychosexual stage?

Resistance to leaving the benefits of that stage Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, how does each psychosexual stage affect psychological maturation?

It requires resolution of specific conflicts Signup and view all the answers

What metaphor does Freud use to describe the advancement through psychosexual stages?

Troops marching in formation Signup and view all the answers

What can a supportive relationship provide during late adulthood?

Emotional and social support Signup and view all the answers

What may happen if an individual faces great difficulty during a psychosexual stage?

They may become fixated at that stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of sensitivity during the phallic stage?

Genitals Signup and view all the answers

What complex do boys experience during the phallic stage?

Oedipus complex Signup and view all the answers

How does a boy resolve his Oedipus complex?

By identifying with his father Signup and view all the answers

What do girls develop as a result of realizing they do not have a penis?

Penis envy Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a boy adopting the male gender role during the phallic stage?

Formation of the superego Signup and view all the answers

What psychological conflict arises in boys during the phallic stage?

Confusion between love and rivalry Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the development of the Electra complex in girls?

Desire for the father Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of identification for boys during the phallic stage?

Internalization of masculine values Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?

It influences the dependent variable under study. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of random assignment in experiments?

To give each participant an equal chance of being in any group. Signup and view all the answers

Which group in an experiment does not receive the treatment under study?

Control group Signup and view all the answers

What does a cross-sectional approach in developmental research involve?

Examining age differences among different people at one point in time. Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle ensures that research respects participant autonomy?

Respect Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of development?

Children can make mental representations. Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does the concrete operational stage occur?

8 to 11 years Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasize as crucial for cognitive development?

Social interactions and cultural context Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance?

Zone of Proximal Development Signup and view all the answers

What does scaffolding refer to in the context of child development?

Providing support to accomplish a task Signup and view all the answers

In the formal operational stage, what ability do children develop?

Logical thinking in relation to abstract ideas Signup and view all the answers

How does language function in the context of cognitive development?

It aids in knowledge acquisition and self-regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What age range does the preoperational stage cover?

2 to 7 years Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years): Children develop a sense of competence by mastering skills like reading, writing, and math. Teachers play a crucial role in this stage.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Adolescents explore values, beliefs, and goals to form a sense of identity.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40 years): Young adults focus on building intimate relationships and avoiding isolation.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years): Middle-aged adults seek to contribute to society through meaningful work, raising children, or community involvement.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years): Individuals reflect on their life and achieve a sense of fulfillment or experience regret.

People learn through observing and imitating others, called observational learning or modeling.
Emphasizes the bidirectional nature of development: individuals act on the world and the world acts on them.

Late Adulthood (65 and over)

Retirement allows for new opportunities and uses of time.
Developing flexible coping mechanisms for losses and impending death is important.
Maintaining strong relationships with family and friends provides support.
Finding meaning in life becomes a significant focus.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral Stage (Birth - 1 year): Focus on oral gratification through sucking, biting, and chewing.
Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on controlling bowel movements and achieving a sense of autonomy.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Attention on genitals and discovery of sex differences.
- Oedipus Complex (Boys): Develops feelings for their mother and fears castration by the father. Resolves this by identifying with the father.
- Electra Complex (Girls): Experiences "penis envy" because of their lack of a penis. Resolves this by repressing their desire for the father and wishing for a baby instead.
Latency Stage (6-12 years): Sexual desires are suppressed as children focus on social and intellectual development.
Genital Stage (Puberty - Adulthood): Reawakening of sexual desires and developing mature relationships.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years): Infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Children develop the ability to use symbols and language but struggle with abstract concepts. They engage in imaginative play and egocentric thinking.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Children learn to reason logically about concrete objects and events. They understand conservation and reversibility.
Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years): Individuals develop the ability to think abstractly and solve problems systematically. They can engage in hypothetical reasoning and scientific thinking.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Emphasizes the importance of social interactions and language in cognitive development.
Effective learning happens through participation in social activities with adults and peers.
Language serves both social and individual functions, helping individuals regulate and reflect on their thinking.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The difference between what a child can accomplish independently and what they can accomplish with the help of a more knowledgeable other.

Scaffolding

Support and assistance provided to help a child learn a new skill or task.

Experimental Research Methods

Experiment: A controlled procedure where an experimenter manipulates the independent variable to determine its effect on the dependent variable.
Random Assignment: Ensures all subjects have an equal chance of being placed in any group.
Independent Variable: The factor that is manipulated by the experimenter.
Dependent Variable: The factor that is measured or observed.
Experimental Group: The group that receives the treatment under study.
Control Group: The group that does not receive the treatment and serves as a baseline for comparison.
Placebo: An inert substance that has no known effects and is used as a control in some experiments.

Developmental Research Designs:

Cross-sectional Approach: Compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
Longitudinal Approach: Follows the same individuals over a period of time, measuring changes in development.
Sequential Approach: Combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.

Ethics of Research

Beneficence: Maximizing benefits to participants and minimizing potential harm.
Respect: Protecting participants' autonomy and rights, especially those who are unable to make their own decisions.
Justice: Ensuring diverse representation and addressing potential impacts on specific groups.

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Description

Explore Erikson's psychosocial development stages and Bandura's social learning theory. Understand how these theories interact to influence individual growth across different life stages. This quiz dives into key concepts and applications relevant to psychology students.