Erikson's Stages & Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12 years): Children develop a sense of competence by mastering skills like reading, writing, and math. Teachers play a crucial role in this stage.
• Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Adolescents explore values, beliefs, and goals to form a sense of identity.
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40 years): Young adults focus on building intimate relationships and avoiding isolation.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years): Middle-aged adults seek to contribute to society through meaningful work, raising children, or community involvement.
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years): Individuals reflect on their life and achieve a sense of fulfillment or experience regret.

Social Learning Theory - Albert Bandura

• People learn through observing and imitating others, called observational learning or modeling.
• Emphasizes the bidirectional nature of development: individuals act on the world and the world acts on them.

Late Adulthood (65 and over)

• Retirement allows for new opportunities and uses of time.
• Developing flexible coping mechanisms for losses and impending death is important.
• Maintaining strong relationships with family and friends provides support.
• Finding meaning in life becomes a significant focus.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Oral Stage (Birth - 1 year): Focus on oral gratification through sucking, biting, and chewing.
• Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on controlling bowel movements and achieving a sense of autonomy.
• Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Attention on genitals and discovery of sex differences.
  • Oedipus Complex (Boys): Develops feelings for their mother and fears castration by the father. Resolves this by identifying with the father.
  • Electra Complex (Girls): Experiences "penis envy" because of their lack of a penis. Resolves this by repressing their desire for the father and wishing for a baby instead.
• Latency Stage (6-12 years): Sexual desires are suppressed as children focus on social and intellectual development.
• Genital Stage (Puberty - Adulthood): Reawakening of sexual desires and developing mature relationships.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

• Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years): Infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.
• Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Children develop the ability to use symbols and language but struggle with abstract concepts. They engage in imaginative play and egocentric thinking.
• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Children learn to reason logically about concrete objects and events. They understand conservation and reversibility.
• Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years): Individuals develop the ability to think abstractly and solve problems systematically. They can engage in hypothetical reasoning and scientific thinking.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

• Emphasizes the importance of social interactions and language in cognitive development.
• Effective learning happens through participation in social activities with adults and peers.
• Language serves both social and individual functions, helping individuals regulate and reflect on their thinking.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

• The difference between what a child can accomplish independently and what they can accomplish with the help of a more knowledgeable other.

Scaffolding

• Support and assistance provided to help a child learn a new skill or task.

Experimental Research Methods

• Experiment: A controlled procedure where an experimenter manipulates the independent variable to determine its effect on the dependent variable.
• Random Assignment: Ensures all subjects have an equal chance of being placed in any group.
• Independent Variable: The factor that is manipulated by the experimenter.
• Dependent Variable: The factor that is measured or observed.
• Experimental Group: The group that receives the treatment under study.
• Control Group: The group that does not receive the treatment and serves as a baseline for comparison.
• Placebo: An inert substance that has no known effects and is used as a control in some experiments.

Developmental Research Designs:

• Cross-sectional Approach: Compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
• Longitudinal Approach: Follows the same individuals over a period of time, measuring changes in development.
• Sequential Approach: Combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.

Ethics of Research

• Beneficence: Maximizing benefits to participants and minimizing potential harm.
• Respect: Protecting participants' autonomy and rights, especially those who are unable to make their own decisions.
• Justice: Ensuring diverse representation and addressing potential impacts on specific groups.

Explore Erikson's psychosocial development stages and Bandura's social learning theory. Understand how these theories interact to influence individual growth across different life stages. This quiz dives into key concepts and applications relevant to psychology students.