Podcast
Questions and Answers
What cognitive process is Sue demonstrating when she initially categorizes a cat as a 'dog'?
What cognitive process is Sue demonstrating when she initially categorizes a cat as a 'dog'?
At what stage of cognitive development do children begin to engage in pretend play?
At what stage of cognitive development do children begin to engage in pretend play?
Which developmental phenomenon is NOT typically associated with the concrete operational stage?
Which developmental phenomenon is NOT typically associated with the concrete operational stage?
Which sensory ability is primarily developed during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
Which sensory ability is primarily developed during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
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What type of reasoning begins to emerge during the formal operational stage?
What type of reasoning begins to emerge during the formal operational stage?
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What did Harlow discover that contradicted the prevailing belief about attachment in infant monkeys?
What did Harlow discover that contradicted the prevailing belief about attachment in infant monkeys?
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During which specific period do certain animals, like goslings and ducklings, form strong attachments?
During which specific period do certain animals, like goslings and ducklings, form strong attachments?
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What characteristic distinguishes securely attached children according to the Strange Situation experiment?
What characteristic distinguishes securely attached children according to the Strange Situation experiment?
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What does the mere exposure effect in humans imply about familiarity?
What does the mere exposure effect in humans imply about familiarity?
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What did Harlow's experiment with the artificial mothers demonstrate about infant monkeys?
What did Harlow's experiment with the artificial mothers demonstrate about infant monkeys?
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What does Piaget's concept of 'schema' help to explain?
What does Piaget's concept of 'schema' help to explain?
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How does maturation affect memory by age 7?
How does maturation affect memory by age 7?
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Which of the following statements accurately reflects Piaget's view on cognitive development?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects Piaget's view on cognitive development?
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What is meant by 'assimilation' in Piaget's theory?
What is meant by 'assimilation' in Piaget's theory?
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What was a key observation Piaget made about children's incorrect answers to questions?
What was a key observation Piaget made about children's incorrect answers to questions?
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What is the key aspect that differentiates a preoperational child's understanding of conservation?
What is the key aspect that differentiates a preoperational child's understanding of conservation?
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In conservation of number tasks, what common error do preoperational children make?
In conservation of number tasks, what common error do preoperational children make?
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What concept is illustrated when a preoperational child claims one stick is longer after it has been moved?
What concept is illustrated when a preoperational child claims one stick is longer after it has been moved?
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Which behavior exemplifies egocentrism in preoperational children?
Which behavior exemplifies egocentrism in preoperational children?
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What conclusion can be drawn from preoperational children's responses in conservation tasks?
What conclusion can be drawn from preoperational children's responses in conservation tasks?
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Study Notes
Infancy & Childhood
- This section focuses on the developmental psychology of infants and children.
- Developmental psychology examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan.
- Each stage of life has unique challenges.
Developmental Psychology
- Developmental psychology examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan.
- Different stages of life bring different, unique challenges.
Old Age vs. Adolescence - Physical Challenges
- Contrasting physical challenges between older adults and adolescents. (Images show one person walking with a cane, and another doing a handstand).
Old Age vs. Adolescence - Social Challenges
- Contrasting social challenges between older adults and adolescents. (Images show one group of teenagers playing music, and another older adult looking out a window).
Lecture Outline
- Across the lifespan.
- Physical development.
- Cognitive development.
- Social development.
Developmental Psychology (Page 6)
- The study of nature vs. nurture is a major element.
- Continuity vs. stages is another key issue.
- Stability vs. change is also a central concern.
Nature vs. Nurture
- The nature-nurture debate explores the relative influences of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) on human behavior.
- Nature refers to inherited characteristics, including genes and biological factors (internal factors).
- Nurture encompasses acquired characteristics, encompassing experience, exposure, and learning (external factors).
- This presentation discusses whether someone's traits are inborn or result from life experiences.
- Twin studies are often used to investigate the relative contribution of nature and nurture to behavior.
Nature vs. Nurture (Page 9)
- The nature-nurture debate centers on the comparative impact of genetics and environment on human behavior.
- Nature involves inherited characteristics (genetics and biological factors), focusing on the internal aspects.
- Nurture encompasses learned characteristics (experience, exposure, and learning), emphasizing external influences.
Aggressive/Violent Behavior: Nature or Nurture?
- The infographic surveys public opinion on whether aggressive behavior is innate (nature) or learned (nurture).
- The results show varying views on the relative importance of nature and nurture in shaping aggressive behavior.
- 7% believe completely nature, 17% believe mostly nature, 42% believe nature and environment are equal, 24% believe mostly environment and 11% believe completely environmental.
Nature versus Nurture Debate
- The debate involves understanding how genetics and experience shape individuals.
- The interaction of nature and nurture is significant
- Epigenetics shows that these factors affect gene expression.
What is Epigenetics?
- Epigenetics is a field studying how environmental influences affect gene expression, influencing physical and behavioral traits.
- Epigenetics demonstrates the old notion that genes are fixed is false.
- Nature (genes) and Nurture (life experiences) are not mutually exclusive.
Continuity and Stages
- This concept investigates whether developmental change is continuous or occurs in discrete stages.
- Continuous development posits a gradual shift.
- Discontinuous development proposes a progression through different, distinct stages.
- Researchers differing on views of how humans develop contrast. One group emphasizes experience, while the other looks at biological maturation.
Stage Theorists (Page 17)
- Theorists like Kohlberg and Erikson propose age-linked developmental stages.
- Piaget also emphasized stages in cognitive development.
- These theories describe developmental progressions, and some dispute whether clear age-linked stages exist. However, the concept of developmental stages remains useful.
Stability and Change
- This concept examines whether personality traits persist or change throughout life.
- This concept analyzes whether traits remain consistent or evolve over time.
- Developmental psychologists study if behavior persists across life.
Physical Development (Page 20)
- Focuses on aspects like brain development, motor skills, and memory growth over time.
- Covers cognitive, physical and emotional changes.
Brain Development (Page 21)
- Brains begin immature, and as a child matures, the neural networks grow increasingly complex.
- Neural growth occurs in spurts, increasing the efficiency of neuronal communication.
- A rapid frontal lobe growth takes place during the ages of 3 and 6 months.
Brain Development (Page 22)
- Covers the stages of brain development and the corresponding development of cognitive functions, including frontal lobe growth.
- Neural changes and plasticity during development involve learning.
Motor Development (Page 23)
- Infants follow an orderly pattern of motor skill development, though experience has little impact on this sequence.
- Sequences for motor skills, such as sitting, crawling, standing, and walking.
Maturation (Page 24)
- Biological growth processes that promote orderly changes in behavior.
- Maturation, or biological growth processes, influences development priorily.
- Experiences adjust developmental patterns.
Maturation (Page 25)
- Sequence for motor skill development: sit - crawl - stand - walk
- Everyone, across all cultures, goes through this sequence but timing varies.
Infant Amnesia (Page 28)
- Memory for experiences declines as time goes by.
- Childhood amnesia is the term for the inability to recall early memory.
- The brain areas associated with memory, such as the hippocampus, continue developing, aiding in memory formation.
Cognitive Development (Page 29)
- Piaget's research looked at the errors children made when answering problems.
- Children around the same age made similar mistakes giving insight that reasoning develops in stages.
Piaget's Stages (Page 34)
- Summarizes Piaget's stages of cognitive development, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
- Explains how children's ability to think and reason grows.
- Sensorimotor (Birth - 2 years); Preoperational (2 - 6 or 7 years); Concrete Operational (7 - 11 years); Formal Operational (12 - Adulthood)
Stage 1: Sensorimotor (Page 35)
- Focus is on the senses – look-hear-touch-taste-smell.
Stage 1: Object Permanence (Page. 36 and 37)
- The awareness that objects exist even when out of the child's sight.
- A child who has object permanence will know the hidden object still exists.
Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (Page 38)
- Children begin to use language.
- They focus on the use of pretend play.
- They develop centration (conservation issues).
Pretend Play (Page 39)
- The capacity for child's imaginative play.
- Also known as make-believe play, or fantasy play.
Conservation (Page 40)
- The principle involving properties (like mass, volume, and number), which remain the same even when their form changes.
- Children who cannot conserve will answer questions incorrectly without understanding the conservation principle.
Conservation by Volume (Page 41)
- The concept related to identical water volumes in different-shaped glasses.
- Preoperational children may report different volumes in different-shaped containers.
Conservation by Number (Page 42)
- The example involves rows of equivalent coins. Children who cannot conserve may think rows that are rearranged have different numbers of coins.
Conservation by Length (Page 43)
- The example presents two sticks of the same length.
- Children may incorrectly think one stick is longer after one is repositioned.
Conservation by Solid Quantity (Page 44)
- The example involves identical amounts of clay in different shapes.
- Children may incorrectly assess amounts if shapes are different.
Conservation Concepts (Page 45)
- Includes different types of conservation tests for liquid quantity, solid quantity and number.
- It lists the concepts associated with the different phases of conservation.
Egocentrism (Page 46-47)
- The inability of a preoperational child to take another person's viewpoint into account.
Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage (Page 48)
- Children can perform mathematical transformations (addition, subtraction).
- Children can think logically about concrete events.
Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage (Page 49)
- Children can think logically, including hypothetical propositions with "what ifs".
An Alternative Viewpoint: Vygotsky and the Social Child (Page. 50 & 51)
- Children develop cognitive skills via social interactions.
- Language, internalized from social interactions, plays a significant role in cognitive development.
- In audible language (or inner speech), children can better control their behaviors and emotions.
An Alternative Viewpoint: Difference between Vygotsky and Piaget Theory (Page. 52)
- Piaget focused on the physical environment.
- Vygotsky emphasized social interactions.
- Language assists in cognitive development, according to Vygotsky.
Social Development: Attachment (Page 54-55)
- Attachment is an emotional bond between the child and caregiver.
- Young children seek their caregivers for comfort, and become distressed when separated.
Social Development: Stranger Anxiety (Page 56-57)
- Stranger anxiety is a response where a child displays distress when interacting with strangers.
- This occurs when children are around eight months old and object permanence emerges.
- It serves a protective function.
Origins of Attachment (Page 58)
- Attachment forms through body contact, familiarity, and a responsive parent.
Social Development: Body Contact (Pages 59-63)
- Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys demonstrated that attachment is not solely due to nourishment but also to physical comfort and familiarity.
- Monkeys preferred the cloth mother even when a wire mother provided food.
Social Development: Familiarity (Page 64-67)
- Familiarity, or imprinting in animals, develops early and is important in fostering attachment during childhood.
- Mere exposure to people leads to liking them.
- Children's comfort with others increases as they spend time with them, through mere exposure.
Studying Attachment (Page 68)
- The Strange Situation experiment assesses attachment styles among children.
- Experiment involved observing child behavior with the caregiver and others present.
Attachment Differences (Ainsworth, 1979) (Page 69)
- Secure attachment includes exploring environments with the parent/caregiver, getting distressed when the parent leaves, and seeking comfort when parent returns.
- Insecure attachment demonstrates reluctance to explore environments or an apathy to the return of parent/caregiver.
What factors lead to secure and insecure attachment? (Page 72)
- Attachment styles reflect temperament and parental responsiveness.
Social Development: Responsive Parenting (Pages 73-74)
- Responsive parenting, where the caregiver notices and acts on the child's signals, leads to secure attachment.
- Insensitive or unresponsive parenting leads to insecure attachment.
Social Development: Attachment Differences (Page 75)
- Fatherly love and acceptance are important aspects in child development.
Attachment Styles and Later Relationships (Page 77-78)
- Early attachments influence later relationships.
- Attachment type impacts relationships and comfort with intimacy.
Attachment Styles (Bowlby) and Later Relationships (Page 79)
- Adult attachment styles, rooted in early experiences can impact romantic relationships.
- There are categories of attachment styles such as secure and insecure.
Deprivation of Attachment (Pages 80-81)
- Extreme neglect or abuse can affect a child's ability to form attachment or other relationships.
- Children deprived from forming attachments or suffering trauma may present with delayed development, emotional distress, and behavioral challenges.
Deprivation of Attachment (Page 82)
- Romanian orphanages from the 1970s and 1980s have been noted for caregivers who were unable to care for the number of children.
- High rates of neglect and disability were observed amongst children who had experienced deprivation of attachment.
Deprivation of Attachment (Page. 83 and 84)
- Many children with past trauma can be resilient and are capable of becoming adjusted adults.
- However, those with a history of abuse or neglect might have an increased risk of health problems, psychological disorders, or substance abuse.
Deprivation of Attachment (Page. 85)
- Early trauma can leave an impact on children's brains, resulting in heightened emotional reactivity to anger or stress.
Deprivation of Attachment (Pages 86)
- Abused children may have difficulties forming future relationships or adjusting to social situations.
- Abusive parents often experienced neglect or abuse themselves.
Self-Concept (Pages 87-89)
- A positive self-concept is a major social achievement.
- Childhood self-awareness begins around 6 months old when a child begins to recognize themselves, increasing throughout childhood.
Parenting Styles (Page 91)
- Four main parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, negligent, and authoritative.
- Each style is associated with different characteristics in child development.
Best Parenting Style? (Page 92)
- It's not one-size-fits-all.
- The choice of parenting style depends on values and child's circumstances.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in developmental psychology. This quiz covers cognitive processes, stages of development, attachment theories, and significant experiments in the field. Perfect for students and enthusiasts alike who want to deepen their understanding of how humans develop over time.
